Powerful airstrikes rocked the Red Sea port city of Hodeidah a day after Israeli officials vowed revenge for a drone that struck Tel Aviv.

Airstrikes hit a refinery and electricity infrastructure, sparking a huge blaze. The Almasirah television channel, run by Yemen’s Houthi movement, reported late on Saturday that three people had been killed and 87 wounded in the strikes on the oil facilities.

It was the first direct hit on Yemen since Houthi rebels there began targeting Israel with missiles and drones last year. All of those attacks had been intercepted, until Friday’s strike on Tel Aviv killed one person and injured at least 10.

The Houthis vowed to “plague” Israel with further attacks in response to the strikes. Early on Sunday, sirens sounded in the the Red Sea port city of Eilat, with Israel’s military saying its air defences had intercepted a surface-to-surface missile from Yemen before it reached Israeli territory.

On Saturday, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) said its fighter jets struck military targets in the Hodeidah Port in Yemen “in response to the hundreds of attacks carried out against the state of Israel in recent months”.

The Israeli prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, said later in the evening that the port was targeted as it was used “for military purposes”.

The strike, he added, “makes it clear to our enemies that there is no place that the long arm of the state of Israel will not reach”.

Defence minister Yoav Gallant said “the fire that is currently burning in Hodeidah is seen across the Middle East and the significance is clear … The first time that they harmed an Israeli citizen, we struck them. And we will do this in any place where it may be required”.

Almasirah TV initially said the strikes in Hodeidah were carried out by US and British forces but later withdrew the reference, according to Reuters. British and US forces have carried out repeated strikes on Hodeidah, as recently as last month.

The Saudi Arabian outlet Al Arabiya, citing unnamed sources, said the strikes targeting a fuel depot and oil refineries at the port were carried out in a joint operation by Israel, the US and the UK. It said 12 Israeli aircraft, including F-35 model fighter jets, participated in the strikes.

Four US officials said Israel acted alone on Saturday’s attacks on the Houthis, with no US military involvement, the New York Times reported.

The latest airstrikes in Hodeidah follow a vow by Gallant, to “settle the score” after a Houthi drone struck central Tel Aviv, killing one man and injuring 10 other people. The Houthis immediately took responsibility for the attack, claiming they had used a new type of drone undetectable to radar and air defence systems.

Israeli officials instead blamed “human error” and said the military was investigating what went wrong. Chief military spokesperson Rear Adm Daniel Hagari said the drone had been detected by air defences but an “error” meant it was not intercepted.

Local police described how the drone exploded over an apartment block, causing a blast that shook the port city, killed one and unsettled residents, disturbed by the rare attack.

Gallant pledged to strengthen Israeli air defences after the attack amid an increase in rocket attacks from Hezbollah that struck northern Israel. The IDF said a barrage of 40 rockets targeted the occupied Golan Heights and Galilee in the day after the drone attack, challenging Israeli air defences.

Yemen’s Houthis, an Iran-backed militia that control much of the country’s west including the coastline, have targeted ships in the Gulf of Aden and disrupted maritime activity in the Red Sea for months in response to Israeli attacks in Gaza.

Israel shot down a suspected Houthi drone headed for the Red Sea port of Eilat earlier this month with a fighter jet, while the group’s attacks on shipping have greatly disrupted business at the key Israeli port.

The US and UK have struck the port city of Hodeidah repeatedly in response, despite the group’s pledges to continue their attacks as long as the war in Gaza goes on.

Israeli air, naval and artillery strikes on the enclave have killed more than 38,000 people since October.

Netanyahu is preparing to travel to the US to address Congress on Wednesday while under growing domestic and international pressure to agree a deal for a ceasefire in Gaza and to bring hostages home.

This was deepened by a broad and damning ruling on Friday from the UN’s international court of justice (ICJ) that Israel’s settlement policies and occupation of the West Bank break international law.

The ICJ ordered Israel to end its occupation of the Palestinian territories “as rapidly as possible” and make full reparations. It is non-binding, but will be difficult for Israel’s allies to ignore, not least because the court also ruled that states are under an obligation not to recognise the occupation as lawful nor to aid or assist it.

Britain’s Foreign Office on Friday restated its commitment to a two-state solution, as it “carefully considers” the ruling.

The foreign secretary, David Lammy, also announced the UK would resume funding to Unwra, the UN agency for Palestinian refugees on Friday, marking a rare split with Washington over policy on the Gaza war.

Labour pledged in its election manifesto to recognise a Palestinian state as part of a peace process, to create a “safe and secure Israel alongside a viable and sovereign Palestinian state”, but did not set a date.

Netanyahu responded to the ICJ ruling, which other Israeli politicians attacked as antisemitic, by effectively claiming both the West Bank and occupied East Jerusalem.

“The Jewish people are not occupiers in their own land, including in our eternal capital Jerusalem nor in Judea and Samaria,” he said in a statement on Friday, using biblical terms for the occupied West Bank that are common in Israel.

On Wednesday the Knesset, Israel’s parliament, passed a resolution opposing the establishment of a Palestinian state. Supporters included Benny Gantz, Netanyahu’s main political rival.

The US criticised “the breadth” of the ICJ’s ruling. “We have been clear that Israel’s programme of government support for settlements is both inconsistent with international law and obstructs the cause of peace,” a US state department spokesperson said on Saturday.

“However, we are concerned that the breadth of the court’s opinion will complicate efforts to resolve the conflict,” it added.

The state department said the ICJ opinion that Israel must withdraw as soon as possible from the Palestinian territories was “inconsistent with the established framework” for resolving the conflict.

Washington said that framework took into account Israel’s security needs, which it says were highlighted by the 7 October attack.

Donald Trump launched a full-throated attack on Democratic rivals Joe Biden and Kamala Harris in Grand Rapids, Michigan, on Saturday as he returned to the campaign trail a week after surviving an assassination attempt in Butler, Pennsylvania.

In his first rally since the shocking shooting, and his first with new running mate Ohio senator JD Vance, Trump appeared on stage with the conspicuous white ear bandage he wore during the Republican national convention replaced by a smaller covering. He referred to the assassination attempt as a “horrific event” and said he stood before supporters “by the grace of God. I shouldn’t be here, but let’s face it, something very special happened.”

Trump said “he owed his life to immigration”, because he’d turned his head to the right toward a chart about border crossings fractionally before the bullet whizzed past his head, grazing his ear. “I hope I never have to go through that again,” Trump added. He said his opponents call him “a threat to democracy” but countered that he “took a bullet for democracy”.

Trump also referred to leadership chaos within the Democratic party, which has been consumed with a debate over whether Joe Biden should step down from his re-election bid amid concerns about his age and mental acuity. “They have no idea who their candidate is, and neither do we,” Trump jibed. He called Biden a “feeble old guy”.

Trump, appearing jocular and in good spirits during a lengthy speech, said he would rather be in Michigan than sitting “on some boring beach watching the waves coming in” – another dig at Biden, who is currently recovering from Covid at his Delaware beach home.

As Trump campaigned on Saturday, his team put out an official update on his injuries. Texas Representative Ronny Jackson, who served as Trump’s White House physician, said that the bullet fired from Crooks’ gun came “less than a quarter of an inch from entering his head, and struck the top of his right ear” and produced a “2cm wide wound”.

Jackson said the wound is healing but that the former president is still experiencing some bleeding, requiring an ear dressing. “Given the broad and blunt nature of the wound itself, no sutures were required,” he wrote.

At the Michigan arena, the former US president went on to predict a landslide election, asking the crowd whether they preferred he run against Vice-President Kamala Harris, to loud boos, or Biden, to cheers. But he said he would also also be happy to run against Michigan governor Gretchen Whitmer who, he said, has done “a terrible job”.

Trump hit his usual themes, attacking electric vehicles, China and trade and promising a massive effort on deportation. He talked in his usual extreme rhetoric, especially when it came to immigration, where he talked in dire terms of crimes committed by immigrants that echo rightwing conspiracy theories.

But Trump also pushed back on accusations that a second Trump presidency would be influenced by the extremist manifesto Project 2025 from the conservative Heritage Foundation and including scores of people close to Trump and his campaign.

The document, he said, had been produced by the “severe right – very, very conservative and the opposite of the radical left. I don’t know anything about it, and I don’t want to know anything about it.”

Trump was preceded on the stage by Vance, who received a warm reception, despite the sports rivalry between his home state of Ohio and Michigan.

Vance criticized both Republicans and Democrats in his speech for previously failing to protect manufacturing jobs in Michigan and the US. “Both parties were broken in very profound ways until Trump came along,” he said.

Crowds numbering in the thousands waited outside the 12,000-capacity Van Andel Arena in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to greet the former president amid what was expected to be improved security after the Secret Service and local police allowed 20-year-old would-be assassin Thomas Matthew Crooks to get on a roof with sightline of the stage in Butler, Pennsylvania, and fire several shots at the former president.

Grand Rapids law enforcement declined to say whether it had deployed extra officers, referring questions to the presidential security agency. But, unlike the open county fair fairgrounds last week, Trump’s rally on Saturday was in an enclosed arena where security would be easier to secure and without, as in Butler, outer areas that were assigned to local police.

“I think what you’re going to see is just a visual increase of additional agents and certainly some pretty unprecedented level of police officers just because it’s the first event after the previous Saturday,” former Secret Service agent Jason Russell told Michigan Live.

Eric Winstrom, the Grand Rapids police chief, said his department had worked closely with federal partners on planning for the event “with solid operational planning, effective resource deployment, and an unwavering commitment to the safety of the community we serve”.

John Schaut, chair of the Republican party chapter in Kent, Michigan, told Michigan Live the shooting hadn’t deterred Trump fans and predicted “a blowout event”.

Michigan is one of a handful of must-win states for Trump and Biden. Recent polling averages place Trump with a 4% lead over Biden, at 46% to 42%. That tallies with the pattern in other key battleground states, especially in the wake of the disastrous debate performance by Biden three weeks ago that triggered a wave of panic in the party about this electability. On a national level, Trump has opened a lead against Biden in head-to-head surveys.

According to local news reports, supporters began arriving for the rally as early as Friday afternoon, and by midday Saturday, lines to get in to see Trump stretched six blocks.

“I think it’s amazing. It just shows how strong he is and we’re so very proud of him, not that we would expect anybody, if they weren’t up to it, to be here like this,” supporter Julie Bryant of Marshall, Michigan, told Michigan Live. “We’re just here to support, especially after what he’s just been through.”

Supporter Adam Salton said he’d been in line since 6am: “Screw the right and the left, this is about Trump, this is about us. He could be on a golf course right now, he could be with his family, but he’s out here doing this for us so I’ll stand out here for eight hours for him, because it’s for us.”

The first “multibank” in London, distributing everything from basic foods to baby products and toiletries, will be officially launched this week, amid continued concerns about levels of poverty as the school summer holidays begin.

The opening of Felix’s Multibank, which has the backing of former prime minister Gordon Brown and London mayor Sadiq Khan, is the latest in a growing network of multibanks.

Brown said the new project was opening at a time when the country’s approach to the problem of destitution would change. There have been continued calls from within Labour for Keir Starmer to take stronger action on child poverty.

Brown said: “The London Felix Multibank is the fourth of six that will be opened by the end of this year across Britain. It is opening at a time of transition from a Britain where child poverty has risen dramatically to one where we wish to see child poverty falling.

“As a new anti-poverty plan is being prepared, the multibanks still need to secure more supplies and more funds from generous donors so that, working with food banks, we can provide poverty relief.”

While the concept was pioneered in Fife, Scotland, there are already multibanks operating in Greater Manchester and Swansea. Thousands of families are set to be helped by the new scheme in west London, overseen by the Felix Project, which sources surplus from the food industry that would otherwise go to waste.

Supplies donated by businesses, with Amazon the biggest contributor, will be distributed directly to teachers, social workers and other groups working directly with those struggling to afford basic necessities.

Some public funding has also been supplied for the London site’s running costs, while Amazon is also helping to run the logistics of the operation.New research this month revealed the scale of concern among teaching staff about the health of children this summer, when those in need will not have access to free school meals and other help provided in term time.

More than two-thirds of teachers in England recently said they were worried that at least one child in their class will experience hunger during the summer holidays because their parents or carers cannot afford to feed them, according to a survey by the Teacher Tapp group.

In London, a survey of 1,118 teachers also found that 68% of teachers believed at least one child in their class will experience hunger because parents and carers cannot afford to feed them during the holidays. Nearly half were worried about between one and three pupils.

Advocates of the multibank model say that it can be a powerful addition to fighting local poverty by redistributing stock that cannot be sold and taking donations from the corporate world.

However, there continues to be concern among charities about the degree to which food banks and related projects have now become a permanent fixture in relieving hardship as a result of cuts to the welfare state.

Khan said it was “appalling that so many families are going without essentials and having to turn to others for help due to the cost of living crisis”.

He added: “That’s why I pledged to support the introduction of multibanks in the capital as part of my work to help Londoners who are struggling to make ends meet.

“Multibanks do incredible work with charities and community organisations to get supplies to those who need them the most. I’m proud to be supporting the Felix Project to bring this multibank to London, as we build a fairer London for everyone.”

John Boumphrey, country manager for Amazon’s business across the UK and Ireland, said: “I am delighted we’re working with the Felix Project to launch Felix’s Multibank in London this week – the fourth multibank we’ve opened across the UK since we first launched in Scotland two years ago.

“When we work hand in hand with local charities, community groups and other businesses to provide donations and support, we know we can make a huge difference for families in need.”

Conservation groups across England are seeing more malnourished bats, as wildlife experts warn the washout summer is driving down the insects, butterflies and moths they feed on.

Groups across Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Worcestershire, Essex and South Lancashire said they are seeing an increase in the number of “starving” or “underweight” bats, often juveniles, who need to be rescued and cared for by volunteers. In some places, they are seeing fewer bats than they usually do in the summer.

There has been a decline in UK insect populations for decades, linked to the climate emergency and widespread use of pesticides. Some believe it has been exacerbated by this year’s record wet weather.

“Any decline in insects can have a serious negative impact for all of the UK’s 17 breeding bat species since they all feed on insects,” said Dr Joe Nunez-Mino, spokesperson for the Bat Conservation Trust, which runs the National Bat Helpline and refers serious rescue cases to local volunteers.

Last year, the trust found that the UK populations of two species – the brown long-eared bat and the horseshoe bat – had declined by more than 10% over the past five years. It is running a long-term study to understand the impact of the climate emergency on bat species.

Bats in the UK are threatened by habitat destruction, increasing use of artificial light and building developments. Nunez-Mino said all these factors affect bats and the insects they feed on.

People can help the charity track bat populations through its annual National Bat Monitoring Project this summer.

The charity Butterfly Conservation is reporting a “noticeable lack” of butterflies and moths this year. Dr Dan Hoare, director of conservation said: “This is likely to be because of the wet spring and now the colder than normal temperatures. Butterflies and moths need some warmth and dry conditions to be able to fly around and mate – if the weather doesn’t allow them to do this, there will be fewer opportunities to breed.”

The charity is urging everyone to participate in its annual Big Butterfly Count before 4 August, another leading citizen science project that helps ascertain the health of the UK populations. As indicator species, the presence – or absence – of butterflies and moths shows how healthy the wider environment and ecosystem are.

In the east of England, experts have been called on to rescue malnourished bats from across Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire, Lincolnshire, Essex and Suffolk this summer.

“Some of our carers are looking after 20 bats,” said Jonathan Durward, ecologist and treasurer of Cambridgeshire Bat Group, adding that most are juveniles and pups who are “incredibly” underweight: “They’re all starving.”

He thinks many bats, particularly juveniles, are travelling farther and flying for longer to find food. As furry mammals, bats must warm up after getting cold and wet, expending vital energy that – in June and July – lactating mothers would normally use to suckle their pups.

“It’s been extremely wet, cold and windy around here this summer,” said Durward. “But if they don’t go out in the cold and the rain, they’re losing a night’s food.”

Many of the juvenile bats they are rescuing weigh 50% of what ecologists would expect to see, Durward said.

“They are a lot thinner and lighter than they have been in previous years. Almost all are in poor condition, not just underweight.” He added that the less bats eat, the less healthy and more susceptible they may become to parasitic infections.

At East Winch Wildlife Hospital in Norfolk, vets have been caring for almost twice as many bats as usual. “We’ve had a high number of juveniles, compared to last year. It does make you wonder whether the adults are struggling to find food and therefore struggling to produce milk for the babies,” said the deputy centre manager, Alice Puchalka.

Twenty miles away, in Pensthorpe natural park, reserve manager Richard Spowage said wardens have observed noticeably fewer bats this summer than usual.

“Anecdotally, we’re seeing fewer bats in the evening – but also, similarly, we’re not seeing the butterflies and moths that we would expect. They’ve not been emerging in the numbers they should be and they’ve only got a limited time to breed and lay eggs.”

Fewer insects reproducing this year is likely to mean fewer insects next year, Spowage said. “It’s a downward spiral.”

The home affairs minister, Clare O’Neil, says the company at the centre of the world’s largest ever IT outage has told the federal government it is close to an automatic fix which would allow systems to return online.

The global outage on Friday afternoon occurred after the cybersecurity firm Crowdstrike updated a widely used cloud-based software product called Falcon.

The update to the Falcon software, which interacts with other parts of computer systems and software like Microsoft’s Windows products, caused a malfunction that essentially disabled those systems globally.

Microsoft, in a blog post update from its vice-president of operating systems security, David Weston, said it estimated 8.5m Windows devices had been affected around the world.

O’Neil posted on social media on Sunday afternoon that a meeting of federal and state governments and the private sector had been told by Crowdstrike that “that they are now close to rolling out an automatic fix to the issue with their update, as is Microsoft”.

The meeting occurred as part of the national coordination mechanism, which was established during the Covid-19 pandemic to draw federal, state and territory governments and agencies together along with the private sector.

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It is the third meeting of the mechanism since the outage.

“This should increase the speed at which systems across the economy are back online,” O’Neil posted on X.

“There has been a huge amount of work over this weekend to get the economy back up and running.

“However, it will take time until all affected sectors are completely back online. In some cases we may see teething issues for one or two weeks.”

On Sunday Crowdstrike said the “issue has been identified and isolated, and a fix has been deployed”, and reiterated that it had not been a cyberattack. It advised customers to check the company’s support portal for software updates.

“We understand the gravity of this situation and are deeply sorry for the inconvenience and disruption,” it said.

O’Neil said there had been no impact to critical infrastructure or government services caused by the outage.

She said supermarkets, like many other sectors, were still experiencing issues, but said the sector stressed during the meeting that there were no food shortages and no need to stockpile.

O’Neil also warned again about scammers trying to exploit the outage.

“Examples that have been reported include people posed as airlines offering to resolve issues with delayed flights and criminals posing as technical support offering to fix affected technology.

“It is very important that Australians are extremely cautious of any unexpected texts, calls or emails claiming to be assistance with this issue.

“You can help by making sure vulnerable people, including elderly relatives, are being extra cautious at this time.”

Australia’s largest business organisation said it could be days before some businesses returned to trading.

The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry CEO, Andrew McKellar, said smaller businesses may have to wait until Monday to get IT support.

“Its timing couldn’t have been worse on a Friday, and in particular, impacting on a Friday afternoon,” he said.

“That’s meant for many businesses, they’re going to have to wait until early next week to put in place the fixes that they need to do.”

McKellar said it was difficult to say how much the IT outage has cost businesses.

He said it would be unlikely businesses would be able to receive compensation for their losses, but that it may depend on their contractual arrangements.

“Across the board there’s been a wide impact, that’s cost a lot of businesses time, money, lost sales … it’s very hard to put a dollar figure on that,” he said.

“[The losses] are material, they are significant, we have to hope most businesses can weather that sort of impact.”

The home affairs minister, Clare O’Neil, says the company at the centre of the world’s largest ever IT outage has told the federal government it is close to an automatic fix which would allow systems to return online.

The global outage on Friday afternoon occurred after the cybersecurity firm Crowdstrike updated a widely used cloud-based software product called Falcon.

The update to the Falcon software, which interacts with other parts of computer systems and software like Microsoft’s Windows products, caused a malfunction that essentially disabled those systems globally.

Microsoft, in a blog post update from its vice-president of operating systems security, David Weston, said it estimated 8.5m Windows devices had been affected around the world.

O’Neil posted on social media on Sunday afternoon that a meeting of federal and state governments and the private sector had been told by Crowdstrike that “that they are now close to rolling out an automatic fix to the issue with their update, as is Microsoft”.

The meeting occurred as part of the national coordination mechanism, which was established during the Covid-19 pandemic to draw federal, state and territory governments and agencies together along with the private sector.

• Sign up for Guardian Australia’s free morning and afternoon email newsletters for your daily news roundup

It is the third meeting of the mechanism since the outage.

“This should increase the speed at which systems across the economy are back online,” O’Neil posted on X.

“There has been a huge amount of work over this weekend to get the economy back up and running.

“However, it will take time until all affected sectors are completely back online. In some cases we may see teething issues for one or two weeks.”

On Sunday Crowdstrike said the “issue has been identified and isolated, and a fix has been deployed”, and reiterated that it had not been a cyberattack. It advised customers to check the company’s support portal for software updates.

“We understand the gravity of this situation and are deeply sorry for the inconvenience and disruption,” it said.

O’Neil said there had been no impact to critical infrastructure or government services caused by the outage.

She said supermarkets, like many other sectors, were still experiencing issues, but said the sector stressed during the meeting that there were no food shortages and no need to stockpile.

O’Neil also warned again about scammers trying to exploit the outage.

“Examples that have been reported include people posed as airlines offering to resolve issues with delayed flights and criminals posing as technical support offering to fix affected technology.

“It is very important that Australians are extremely cautious of any unexpected texts, calls or emails claiming to be assistance with this issue.

“You can help by making sure vulnerable people, including elderly relatives, are being extra cautious at this time.”

Australia’s largest business organisation said it could be days before some businesses returned to trading.

The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry CEO, Andrew McKellar, said smaller businesses may have to wait until Monday to get IT support.

“Its timing couldn’t have been worse on a Friday, and in particular, impacting on a Friday afternoon,” he said.

“That’s meant for many businesses, they’re going to have to wait until early next week to put in place the fixes that they need to do.”

McKellar said it was difficult to say how much the IT outage has cost businesses.

He said it would be unlikely businesses would be able to receive compensation for their losses, but that it may depend on their contractual arrangements.

“Across the board there’s been a wide impact, that’s cost a lot of businesses time, money, lost sales … it’s very hard to put a dollar figure on that,” he said.

“[The losses] are material, they are significant, we have to hope most businesses can weather that sort of impact.”

Police in Bangladesh have been granted “shoot-on-sight” orders and a nationwide curfew has been imposed as student-led protests continue to roil the country, leaving more than 100 people dead.

The curfew, imposed at midnight on Friday, was expected to last until Sunday morning as police tried to bring the swiftly deteriorating security situation under control, with military personnel patrolling the streets of the capital.

The curfew was lifted briefly on Saturday afternoon to allow people to run essential errands, but otherwise people have been ordered to remain at home and all gatherings and demonstrations have been banned. The government has also imposed a communications blackout, with all internet and social media access blocked since Thursday night.

While the government is not releasing official statistics of fatalities and injuries, local media has estimated thousands have been injured and that the death toll has hit 115.

In extreme cases, police officers have been granted powers to open fire on those violating the curfew, confirmed Obaidul Quader, the general secretary of the ruling Awami League party.

The protests that have spread across Bangladesh are some of the worst the country has experienced in more than a decade. They began earlier this month on university campuses as students protested against the reintroduction of civil service job quotas that they say are discriminatory and benefit the Awami League, led by Sheikh Hasina, the prime minister.

This week, the protests have spread far beyond campus grounds and grown into a larger movement against Hasina’s government, which has ruled since 2009. Hasina is accused of overseeing rampant authoritarianism, police brutality and corruption, with her re-election in January boycotted by the opposition and widely documented as rigged. The country’s economy has also suffered a severe economic downturn since the outbreak of Covid, leaving tens of millions unemployed and grappling with record inflation.

Shafkat Mahmud, 28, a student protester from Uttara, a neighbourhood of Dhaka, said this was no longer just a student protest, but nationwide civilian unrest akin to “civil war”.

Mahmud alleged that after the government shut down the internet on Thursday night, police had gone from using rubber bullets to live ammunition. He described how he and fellow protesters had been attacked on Friday by pro-government supporters who carried machetes and guns and had seen buses carrying away the dead in the aftermath.

“Since the government’s forces have been violently attacking us, our families have joined us in protests,” he said. “Our fight initially was about quotas but after witnessing the brutality and cruelty with which the police attacked the protesters, it’s now about change. We are marching for this government to step down.”

Pro-government student groups attacked protesters earlier this week and police were accused of instigating violence by firing teargas, rubber bullets and stun grenades at the demonstrators. Protesters then invaded the state-run broadcaster, setting it alight, and also broke into a prison in central Bangladesh on Friday, freeing hundreds of prisoners.

According to those on the ground, Friday was the deadliest day of the protests so far, with police accused of firing live ammunition at demonstrators and at least 40 people likely to have been killed in the violence.

Representatives from both sides met late on Friday in an attempt to reach a resolution, with several student leaders demanding a complete reform of the quota system and for universities to be reopened. The law and justice minister, Anisul Huq, said late on Friday that the government was open to discussing their demands.

The archbishop of Canterbury has spoken of the work to address the Church of England’s historic links to chattel slavery on a trip to Jamaica, as archive research reveals that the slave trader Edward Colston left a bequest in the 18th century to the church’s missionary arm.

Justin Welby is on a three-day visit to the West Indies to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the diocese of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. He said a £100m fund set up by the church would be used to benefit communities “which still bear the scars” from slavery.

The Church Commissioners, the body that manages the church’s financial assets, published a report in January last year on its links to chattel slavery, via the Queen Anne’s Bounty, a fund used to supplement the income of the clergy.

The Observer revealed in May that an archbishop of Canterbury in the 18th century, Thomas Secker, approved payments for the purchase of enslaved people on sugar plantations in Barbados owned by the church’s missionary arm, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG).

The Observer has now established that Edward Colston left a bequest of £300 (equivalent to more than £54,000 in today’s money) to Archbishop William Wake and other high Anglican figures within the SPG.

Colston’s will in 1721 stated: “I give to the President and Governors of the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts Three Hundred pounds for the promotion and better carrying on that pious work and design.”

Colston, who was a wealthy merchant, is one of Britain’s most notorious slave traders and his statue was toppled from its plinth in Bristol in June 2020 and pushed into the docks.

The statue went on display at the city’s M Shed museum in March this year among other exhibits about the history of protest.

The work of the SPG included its ownership of the Codrington sugar plantations in Barbados, which had been left to the society by Christopher Codrington, a colonial administrator and plantation owner.

His will stipulated the plantations should be maintained and “continued entire with three hundred negros at least kept always thereon”.

The Codrington plantations’ accounts for 1731, which are held in the society’s archive at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, show that “a new iron collar for a Negro” was manufactured on site at the Codrington estate and sold.

On 1 May 1731, two shillings were paid for this by “Thomas Hayes, a farrier”.

Purchases of enslaved persons were repeatedly approved by the society in the 18th century, with the incumbent archbishop of Canterbury acting as society president.

These include payments approved by Secker in 1758 and 1760.

Purchases of enslaved persons were also made by the society in the 1720s and 1730s when Archbishop Wake was president.

In the 1830s the SPG was paid £8,558 in compensation by the British government for the loss of its human “property” in Barbados when chattel slavery ended in the British empire with the 1833 Abolition Act.

Nothing was paid to people who had been enslaved.

Robert Beckford, professor of social justice at the University of Winchester, said: “The gift demonstrates the entanglement of [the SPG] with the dreadful Colston history.”

During his stay in Jamaica this weekend, Welby is due to receive an honorary doctorate of law from the University of the West Indies.

Beckford said he was concerned that an honorary degree from the university suggested it was a case of “job done” on reparations, rather than “needs to be better”.

Church of England officials said it had been previously acknowledged that Colston had been a benefactor to the Queen Anne’s Bounty and they welcomed new research from the archives.

Officials say they are committed to a programme of work examining the church’s historic links to chattel slavery and will be transparent about its findings.

Scientists have voted to eliminate the names of certain plants that are deemed to be racially offensive. The decision to remove a label that contains such a slur was taken last week after a gruelling six-day session attended by more than 100 researchers, as part of the International Botanical Congress, which officially opens on Sunday in Madrid.

The effect of the vote will be that all plants, fungi and algae names that contain the word caffra, which originates in insults made against Black people, will be replaced by the word affra to denote their African origins. More than 200 species will be affected, including the coast coral tree, which, from 2026, will be known as Erythrina affra instead of Erythrina caffra.

The scientists attending the nomenclature session also agreed to create a special committee which would rule on names given to newly discovered plants, fungi and algae. These are usually named by those who first describe them in the scientific literature. However, the names could now be overruled by the committee if they are deemed to be derogatory to a group or race.

A more general move to rule on other controversial historical labels was not agreed by botanists. Nevertheless, the changes agreed last week are the first rule alterations that taxonomists have officially agreed to the naming of species, and were welcomed by the botanist Sandy Knapp of the Natural History Museum in London, who presided over the six-day nomenclature session.

“This is an absolutely monumental first step in addressing an issue that has become a real problem in botany and also in other biological sciences,” she told the Observer. “It is a very important start.”

The change to remove the word caffra from species names was proposed by the plant taxonomist Prof Gideon Smith of Nelson Mandela University in South Africa, and his colleague Prof Estrela Figueiredo. They have campaigned for years for changes to be made to the international system for giving scientific names to plants and animals in order to permit the deletion and substitution of past names deemed objectionable.

“We are very pleased with the retroactive and permanent eradication of a racial slur from botanical nomenclature,” Smith told the Observer. “It is most encouraging that more than 60% of our international colleagues supported this proposal.”

And the Australian plant taxonomist Kevin Thiele – who had originally pressed for historical past names to be subject to changes as well as future names – told Nature that last week’s moves were “at least a sliver of recognition of the issue”.

Plant names are only a part of the taxonomic controversy, however. Naming animals after racists, fascists and other controversial figures cause just as many headaches as those posed by plants, say scientists. Examples include a brown, eyeless beetle which has been named after Adolf Hitler. Nor is Anophthalmus hitleri alone. Many other species’ names recall individuals that offend, such as the moth Hypopta mussolinii.

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) has so far refused to consider changing its rules to allow the removal of racist or fascist references. Renaming would be disruptive, while replacement names could one day be seen as offensive “as attitudes change in the future”, it announced in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society last year. Nevertheless, many researchers have acknowledged that some changes will have to be made to zoological nomenclature rules in the near future.

Knapp said: “The decision by botanists should make it clear to the scientific community that is involved in naming organisms that they need to open up conversations and to become more aware and respectful of what names should be permitted.

“We have taken a baby step, no more than that. We need to make more changes to the rulebook. However, you never get anywhere until you start taking steps, and we have done that at last.”

A young woman has been charged with the murder of another young woman, who had just dropped her daughter off at daycare and was allegedly run down and killed while walking along a Brisbane footpath.

Police will allege a 24-year-old woman was behind the wheel of an SUV that mounted the footpath and deliberately struck the 23-year-old mother in Daisy Hill in Brisbane’s south-eastern outskirts shortly before 9am on Friday.

The victim was taken from the scene on Allamanda Drive to the Princess Alexandra hospital where she later died from her injuries.

Detective Inspector Chris Knight said Queensland police would be alleging that this “event was not, in fact, an accident, and the young lady who was who tragically lost her life was in fact targeted by an individual”.

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Speaking in Logan on Sunday, he said it was a “tragic incident” and that investigations were far from over.

“The young lady who lost her life was a mother,” Knight said.

“She had dropped her daughter off at daycare immediately prior to the event that ultimately took her life and of course, it is a gross understatement for me to say anything other than that family is deeply traumatised.”

Knight would not speculate on motive other than to say it would be “pivotal to our investigation” and that the driver and pedestrian knew each other.

After initial investigations on Friday and Saturday, a silver Toyota Prado was found at the 24-year-old woman’s home in Goona, and she was later charged with one count of murder after being located in Yamanto.

Police were looking to speak with anyone who may have been around Allamanda Drive at about 8.50am Friday, especially passengers and the driver of a bus that drove along the road at approximately 8.50am on Friday 19 July to come forward.

Knight – a detective for more than 30 years – said the case was “unusual”.

He said police would allege the Toyota had been in that area for an “extended period of time leading up to the collision”, before fleeing the scene.

“For that reason, we don’t believe that it was an unfortunate random traffic accident,” he said.

“[The victim’] was walking on the footpath and that’s where we will allege the vehicle collided with her.”

The woman was due to appear before the Ipswitch magistrates court on Monday.

Britain’s cultural sector is in a critical condition, with levels of investment and development far lower than in many other European countries, says a major arts report to be unveiled on Monday evening.

Analysis shared exclusively with the Observer shows that while Britain has cut back its total culture budget by 6% since 2010, Germany, France and Finland have each increased their spending by up to 70%.

The findings of the academic “crisis” report, produced from research conducted by the University of Warwick and the Campaign for the Arts pressure group, will be announced in the House of Lords to a group of arts leaders and politicians, including the new minister for culture, media and sport (DCMS), Chris Bryant, with the support of Melvyn Bragg and musician and lecturer Kadiatu Kanneh-Mason.

By looking at support and investment levels between two comparative periods of recent history, 2009-10 and 2022-23, the State of the Arts report has uncovered big drops in spending per person in real terms.

Local government revenue funding of culture and related services has decreased by 39% in Scotland, 40% in Wales and 48% in England, partly due to the rising costs and demand for statutory services like social care. Core funding for the DCMS’s support of cultural organisations has decreased by 18% to only 0.17% of total public spending per person. And the core funding going out from arts councils has decreased by 18% in England, 22% in Scotland, 25% in Wales and 66% in Northern Ireland.

The research also identifies a big problem for arts education, with “reduced funding and a marginalisation of the arts in English state schools”, producing what the report describes as “catastrophic declines in participation and enrolment”. The report highlights a slump in arts education and employment, with GCSE and A-level entries in arts subjects plummeting by 47% and 29% respectively since 2010.

In a summary of this growing academic deficit, the report claims: “Arts education faces critical challenges, from unequal opportunities in early years to course closures in universities nationwide.”

Heidi Ashton, lead researcher at the University of Warwick, told the Observer: “The decade-long declines presented in the report represent a lack of support in all areas, from funding to education to employment, so what is required is a fundamental shift in our thinking about the role of the arts in society. This report has provided a benchmark and information to inform decisions for a more equitable future.”

The report also investigated the earnings of arts professionals in the cultural sector and found them to be consistently below the UK median, with clear regional and gender pay gaps. These were most evident when it comes to craft skills, where men earn 70% more than women.

Speaking ahead of the report’s release Jack Gamble, director of Campaign for the Arts, said: “It’s no secret that it’s been a tough few years for the arts, but the State of the Arts report reveals that things are even worse than we feared. The UK now has one of the lowest levels of public funding for the arts and culture among European nations. Local government investment and arts subject entries at GCSE have both almost halved since 2010. Our new government inherits a huge challenge to turn this around and break down barriers to opportunity in the arts.”