The wound from where the soldier struck her is long gone, but Jang Sang-nam, 88, can still trace its outlines on her head.

“Here, with the butt of a rifle,” she says when asked where she was hurt while she was out looking for her son, reflexively taking her trembling, sinewy fingers to her right temple. “This eardrum was burst. I still can’t hear.”

Her injury was inflicted 44 years ago, when this ginkgo-tree-lined midsize city in the southwest of South Korea erupted in a student-led uprising for democracy, a day after the military ruler declared nationwide martial law. Paratroopers stormed the city, Gwangju, and brutally beat, stabbed and indiscriminately fired upon throngs of citizens young and old. Hundreds were left dead or missing.

This week, when President Yoon Suk Yeol stood in front of the South Korean people and declared martial law for the first time since then, the outrage was deepest in Gwangju, where memories are still raw of resistance paid for in blood.

In the intervening decades, in a country whose modern history has been defined by rapid change and swift adaptation, Gwangju has sought to remember and be remembered for the bloodshed that marked a foundational moment in South Korea’s path to democracy.

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Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris is set to reopen after five and a half years of work to restore its wood and lead roofing, famous spire and other parts of the building that were destroyed or damaged in a devastating fire in April 2019.

Here is everything you need to know.

When is Notre-Dame reopening?

An official and religious ceremony will take place on Saturday, Dec. 7, starting around 7 p.m., local time.

First, President Emmanuel Macron of France, who had vowed to restore the Gothic medieval masterpiece within five years of the fire, will give a speech in front of the cathedral to Roman Catholic dignitaries, foreign officials and donors who contributed to the renovation.

Afterward, the archbishop of Paris will strike the doors of the cathedral with his staff, and a choir will sing Psalm 121 three times. The doors will be opened, and the archbishop will lead a religious service and bless the great organ, which was not damaged but had to be cleaned of toxic lead dust.

Next will come a televised show and concert, also in front of the cathedral. Gustavo Dudamel will conduct the Radio France Philharmonic Orchestra, and there will be performances by the Chinese pianist Lang Lang, the Beninese-French singer Angélique Kidjo, the Canadian singer Garou and others.

On Sunday, Dec. 8, the cathedral will celebrate a Mass to consecrate the altar. Mr. Macron and about 170 bishops from France and elsewhere are expected to attend, as well as priests from Paris’s 106 parishes.

A Mass for the general public will be offered in the evening; it will be the first time visitors will be able to enter the renovated cathedral. The ceremonies will be shown live by France’s national television broadcaster and picked up by other channels around the world. For more details, look here and here.

Who is attending the ceremonies?

Over 40 heads of state and government, religious dignitaries, and other officials are expected to attend, but Pope Francis has already said he will not be present.

President Biden is also not expected to attend, but Dr. Jill Biden, the first lady, will be there. President-elect Donald J. Trump said this week that he would make the trip.

The authorities have planned extremely tight security for the area around Notre-Dame over the weekend, similar to the arrangements for the Summer Olympics opening ceremony. About 40,000 members of the general public will be able to watch from further away on giant screens.

What else is planned?

From Dec. 9-15, there will be Masses for the firefighters who saved the building, for the workers and artisans who helped to renovate it and for the 340,000 or so donors who provided money for the renovation, as well as other Masses for the general public. Two concerts, with performances of Bach’s Magnificat, will be held in the cathedral on Dec. 17 and 18.

When can I visit?

All slots to attend the Dec. 8 public Mass have already been booked. But, beginning on Dec. 9, the cathedral — which was one of the French capital’s most visited monuments before the blaze shut it down — will be open to the public. It will begin accepting pilgrimage groups in February and tour groups in June.

Here is an online reservation system for visits and Masses, although walk-ins will still be possible. Read everything you need to know about visiting here.

Will visiting be free of charge?

Yes. France’s culture minister had floated the idea of an entrance fee this fall to help pay for the expensive upkeep of the country’s thousands of churches and other religious monuments. Many of them belong to government authorities — a legacy of the French Revolution, when property belonging to the clergy was nationalized. Notre-Dame, for instance, is owned by the French state.

But the Roman Catholic Church of France runs the monument, and it opposed any entrance fee. The church’s mission is to “welcome every man and woman unconditionally, and therefore necessarily free of charge, regardless of their religion or belief, opinions, or financial means,” church officials said in October.

What did the renovation involve and how much did it cost?

About 840 million euros, or $900 million, from around 340,000 donors poured in after the fire to help renovate the cathedral.

Notre-Dame came dangerously close to collapsing during the blaze, and the first step was to secure it. Workers also had to deep-clean the limestone, paintings and statues to remove ash, lead particles and centuries of accumulated grime.

The effort involved about 250 companies and roughly 2,000 workers and artisans, including architects, carpenters, engineers, stonecutters, painters, gold-leaf decorators, steeplejacks, crane operators, organ cleaners and roof coverers. They restored stained-glass windows, created new lead roof ornaments, hewed log beams and dry-fit roofing trusses, among other work. At the peak, up to 600 workers clambered around scaffolding every day, laboring under stringent measures to avoid exposure to toxic lead dust.

Did Notre-Dame get a modern twist?

No. The French government had suggested that the cathedral’s 19th-century spire could be rebuilt with a “contemporary architectural gesture” and had even proposed an architectural competition, leading to a flurry of ideas that ranged from daring to outlandish, including a beam of light and a carbon-fiber flame.

But the idea of a modern spire was never popular, Mr. Macron never committed to it, and it was dropped. The spire was rebuilt as it was: an oak framework covered in lead, topped by a cross and a copper rooster that overlook Paris more than 300 feet above ground. The medieval attic, a lattice of ancient oak beams known as “the forest,” was also restored to its original state.

The renovation did, however, add modern fire protections in the roofing that were absent in 2019, including misting devices, firewalls, thermal cameras and thicker roof boards that burn more slowly.

Is work on Notre-Dame completely done?

No. Exterior renovations will continue for several more years. A sum of about $150 million that remains from the donations will be used to restore sections including the sacristy and the flying buttresses, which were worn out well before the fire.

Do we now know what caused the fire?

Not exactly. The French authorities have uncovered no evidence of arson and say that an accidental cause is most likely, possibly tied to restoration work on the spire that was being carried out when the fire occurred.

An investigation is continuing and could last for at least several more months, according to the Paris prosecutor’s office. Leading theories are that the blaze was sparked by a discarded cigarette or by a short circuit, possibly in the electrified bells of the spire or in elevators used by workers.

But no one has been charged, and a definitive explanation may never be determined.

The embers of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris were still hot when President Emmanuel Macron vowed that France would rebuild it to be “more beautiful than ever.”

Then the French leader gave a deadline so ambitious it took many aback: “I want this to be finished in five years,” Mr. Macron said.

It was April 2019, and flames had just torn through the 860-year-old Gothic monument, obliterating its ancient wood and lead roofing and sending the tip of its spire crashing through the stone vaults below. Some called the deadline feasible. Others said it was wildly unrealistic.

Now, after five and a half years and about $900 million in donations, France is on the verge of success.

Renovations to the cathedral’s exterior will continue, but the bulk of what was destroyed has been restored. Excitement is mounting just days before Notre-Dame reopens for millions of tourists and pilgrims.

The tight deadline was “necessary,” Philippe Jost, the head of the reconstruction task force, told us during a tour of the work in progress in June. The daunting goal served to unite about 250 companies and 2,000 workers and artisans from all over France who knew the world was watching, and drove them to give their all for the project of a lifetime.

The day of the tour, after taking a clanging elevator to the top of a maze of scaffolding, we saw roofers installing new lead sheets and crested ornaments on the roof, whistling, drilling, hammering and soldering as birds squawked above. Perched on the new spire were a cross and a gilded copper rooster that contains relics of saints and now, a scroll naming all of the restoration workers.

Those workers overcame Covid-19 lockdowns, toiled under stringent safety measures to avoid exposure to toxic lead dust, and coped with the death last year of Mr. Jost’s predecessor, Gen. Jean-Louis Georgelin, who prided himself on keeping the project on track.

“At the beginning — especially in the beginning — most people didn’t think that it was possible,” Mr. Jost said. “And he was very clear in his head, and with others, that we will do it.”

Stabilizing the cathedral

In 2019, when the flames were finally extinguished just before midnight after a five-hour battle, emergency workers were able to enter the cathedral and assess the damage. They found reason for both heartbreak and relief.

The bell towers, stained-glass rose windows and precious artworks were mostly intact. But the structure had come dangerously close to collapsing.

Notre-Dame’s limestone, scorched and then drenched by tens of thousands of gallons of water from firefighters, was coated with ash and lead dust. Gables and statues were threatening to fall. The building had to be secured before any repairs could proceed, a process that ended in 2021.

“Our teams had to intervene within a very short time-frame, but with infinite precaution,” said Julien Le Bras, the chief executive of Le Bras Frères. His company, which specializes in restoring historical monuments, was working on Notre-Dame when the fire hit, and helped scramble to stabilize it. “It really was a very delicate piece of engineering work,” he said.

Rope workers pulled tarpaulin coverings across gaping holes to shield the interior from rain; later, a permanent sliding “umbrella” was created.

Sensors placed throughout the cathedral monitored every structural shift. A forest of scaffolding over 80 feet high was assembled inside, allowing architects to assess normally inaccessible sections and helping prop up weakened vaults with wooden arches.

Workers also consolidated Notre-Dame’s 28 flying buttresses, a Middle Ages innovation that allowed for thinner walls and taller cathedrals. With the weight of the roof mostly gone, the buttresses were bolstered with eight-ton arches to prevent the walls from collapsing.

One of the biggest concerns was the 220-ton tangle of 40,000 steel scaffolding tubes that the flames had fused together — remnants of renovation on the spire that predated the fire and that were now threatening the structure. They had to be stabilized, then painstakingly dismantled or cut up and removed by crane.

A deep cleaning

Notre-Dame was a mess.

Remote-controlled robots pulled out charred beams, fallen stones and other fragments that were carefully sorted and classified because they had archaeological and scientific value or could be reused.

Inside, workers removed dust and centuries of accumulated grime using high-powered vacuums, a special strip-away latex coating and damp sponges, returning hundreds of thousands of square feet of limestone to its original brilliance.

Restorers spruced up stained-glass windows, fixed railings, and cleared grit from murals and painted decorations in the choir and nave chapels, revealing vivid pigments and gilding.

“We were able to witness all the other craftsmen at work,” Charlotte Phelouzat, who worked with 13 other independent painting restorers, said after showing a newly cleaned depiction of St. George slaying the dragon, as the noise of buzz saws and beeping forklifts echoed off the cathedral’s brightly lit stonework.

“It was quite exceptional,” she said.

The cathedral’s great organ — one of the largest in France, with over 100 stops and about 8,000 pipes — was not burned or damaged by water, but it did have to be cleansed of lead dust.

Parts of the organ that were too big or too fragile to be moved were cleaned or replaced on site; the rest was dismantled and sent to three workshops in the Hérault, Corrèze and Vaucluse areas of southern France, where restorers carefully dusted pipes, cleaned windchests that control the organ’s air flow, and redid its electric and pneumatic transmission system.

Once the organ was reassembled, specialists harmonized it at nighttime — which proved challenging when scaffolding was altering the acoustics.

“It was very meticulous work,” said Bertrand Cattiaux, a retired organ specialist who had worked on previous restorations of the organ and who contributed to this one with his successor. “Hours of very small, very sensitive gestures that can considerably change the sound.”

Finding oaks and limestone

Suggestions that Notre-Dame should get a modern update were quickly shelved. In a country where preserving architectural heritage and centuries-old skills is paramount, the idea never gained popular traction. After all, many argued, the cathedral’s stone and woodwork had stood the test of time for over 800 years.

So using the right material was critical.

“At the end of the day, we are as close as possible to what existed before the fire,” said Jean-Louis Bidet, the technical director of Ateliers Perrault, a company in the Loire Valley that specializes in historical monuments, after ducking into the new wooden attic his company had helped build.

Some doubted that France had the right trees or enough skilled carpenters to rebuild the medieval attic — a lattice of ancient beams known as “the forest,” made primarily of rows of giant triangular trusses — and the 19th-century spire, a complex assembly of about 1,000 oak pieces that culminates more than 300 feet above the ground.

Those fears proved unfounded.

Over two thousand oak trees were donated by private and public forests across France, especially in the east and north. The National Forests Office and France Bois Forêt, a timber trade group, coordinated the selection process, using original 19th-century architectural plans and a trove of archaeological and digital data.

Walking around forests, “Notre-Dame was on everybody’s mind,” said Michel Druilhe, the president of France Bois Forêt from 2018 to 2021. “We looked at the trees and worked with architects to see how they could be used, how they could be placed, how they should be sawed.”

Logs — some over 60 feet long — were transported to sawmills around France, cut into beams, dried naturally to lose humidity and sap, then sent to carpentry workshops.

For the stonework, scientists and engineers studied blocks recovered from the cathedral and identified suitable limestone quarries to provide replacements. Over 45,000 cubic feet of stone were sourced from quarries in the Oise and Aisne areas, north of Paris, to rebuild collapsed vaults, plug walls and adorn gables with new sculpture.

Skills from across France

The renovation tapped a constellation of workshops, craftsmen, and companies around the country who combined ancestral techniques with modern engineering.

“If we are able to succeed and move forward, it’s because the skills are there,” said Mr. Jost, the head of the reconstruction task force. “You can’t rebuild a cathedral with good feelings alone.”

Instead of entrusting it all to one company and its subcontractors, the task force split the project into more than 140 lots and opened up bids for each one. Some of the 250 businesses involved were nationally recognized; others were tiny workshops with niche expertise. Often they joined forces.

The apse cross, for instance, was restored in rural Normandy by Fer Art Forge, a small metalworking shop on an old farm, in coordination with UTB, a construction and renovation firm of over 1,000 employees that did the choir covering.

“No matter the size of the company, it’s people’s skills that count,” Julien Soccard, the operations manager for UTB, said in May at the workshop, as cows grazed in apple orchards near the 40-foot cross — an ornate mix of steel, lead, brass and copper that fell during the fire.

Attention to detail was deep. Carpenters who hand-hewed beams used 60 or so long-handled axes and broadaxes that were forged manually in the eastern Alsace region with detailed specifications, down to the kind of markings the blades had to leave.

“We were struck by the emotion of carpenters bonding with their axes,” said Soumia Luquet, who runs the forge with her husband. “That is the epitome for a blacksmith.”

Her workshop and four others assembled for an “unprecedented challenge,” she said. It was a rare opportunity to show their skills. Over four months, 10 or so ax makers slept and ate in her home and toiled at the forge, welding steel and puddled iron together at over 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit.

“This profession disappeared almost entirely during the 20th century with industrialization,” said Martin Claudel, one of the ax-makers, who trekked back and forth from his own workshop in Brittany. “Notre-Dame shined a big spotlight on it.”

It all came together in Paris

Notre-Dame buzzed with increasing intensity as the deadline approached and reconstruction started in earnest. Many companies were used to working on historical monuments, but not simultaneously on a cramped island in the heart of the French capital.

The choreography was complex, requiring years of advance planning to ensure that the long list of those involved — architects, engineers, carpenters, masons, steeplejacks, archaeologists, crane operators, roofers and more — did not step on one another’s toes or cause delays.

At the peak, 600 workers were on site daily, entering through locker rooms with two sides connected by showers, leaving street clothes at one end and putting on construction garb at the other to prevent lead contamination.

“The space was small, the deadline was tight, and there were exceptional security requirements,” said Mr. Le Bras, whose company also handled most of the scaffolding and, with three others — Cruard Charpente, Métiers du Bois and Asselin — worked on the spire. “But everyone involved on the project, without exception, was passionate above all.”

“It’s almost more of a mission than a construction project,” he said.

Much of the cathedral’s new wooden roofing was dry-fitted — in Lorraine for the spire, in Normandy for the nave, and in the Loire Valley for the choir — then brought to Paris, reassembled section by section on giant platforms, and hoisted up by crane.

Workers also installed fire protections that were lacking in 2019, including misting devices, massive firewalls, thermal cameras and thicker roof boards that burn more slowly. A recovery system to treat rainwater running off the lead roof before it enters the sewers will also be tested.

Collapsed vaults were rebuilt, stones weakened by the scorching blaze were replaced, and a new checkered marble platform was installed for the altar.

On our visit, we were led onto temporary walkways though the new “forest,” where we saw sawdust-coated white tarps stretched across the vaults and electric cables snaking along the pathways

But one day soon, Notre-Dame will again be a working cathedral, not a construction site, and architectural features like the forest will recede into hiding.

The fire and the reconstruction that followed afforded Parisians a rare, if distressing, firsthand glimpse into the heart of a beloved landmark. So last year, when gigantic solid-oak trusses were delivered by barge and lifted by crane, a crowd quickly gathered on the banks of the Seine to watch.

Loïc Baril, 75, rushed over as soon as he heard the news, though the summer heat was blazing.

“We’ll only see this once in our lifetime,” he explained.

Produced by Josephine Sedgwick and Tala Safie

In the nearly three years since Russia invaded Ukraine, Ursula von der Leyen, the European Union’s top official, has grown accustomed to the 10-hour overnight train ride to Kyiv. She passes the time preparing for meetings and reading books about Ukraine, when she is not trying to catch some sleep.

Ms. von der Leyen has visited Ukraine eight times since early 2022. So when she sees images of other foreign leaders in Kyiv, such as Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken, she can understand their exhaustion all too well.

“When I see the tired eyes, I know he had a bad night of sleep with the tuk-a-tuk-a-tuk-a-tuk on the tracks,” Ms. von der Leyen said of Mr. Blinken during a trip to Kyiv in September.

With civilian flights to Ukraine suspended for security reasons, trains have become the primary mode of travel in the war-torn nation. Over the past two and a half years, millions of Ukrainians have relied on the country’s vast rail network to get in and out, often enduring long journeys in sleeper cabins.

World leaders visiting Ukraine have had a similar experience — albeit with added comfort. Since the early months of the war, Ukrzaliznytsia, the Ukrainian national railway, has deployed V.I.P. cars to shuttle dignitaries in and out of the country. They are equipped with private sleeping quarters, a conference room and a kitchen where attendants prepare meals.

These special trains have become an enduring feature of the war, a unifying experience for the dozens of leaders who have been to Ukraine, including President Biden, Chancellor Olaf Scholz of Germany and the Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi. All have taken the train at night, window curtains drawn to minimize detection by Russian drones. All have slept in the same cabins, lulled by the rumble of the tracks.

Oleksandr Shevchenko, the deputy head of passenger services at Ukrzaliznytsia, lauded his railway’s ability to transport so many world leaders on long overnight trips and cater as best as it can to their needs. “We have become pioneers in that,” he said.

But these trips have been more than just a logistical feat. Seeing an opportunity in the long hours foreign officials spend aboard the train — often more than their time on the ground — the Ukrainian authorities have turned the trip into a tool to win their favor.

On the train, officials are offered traditional Ukrainian dishes and books about Ukraine’s history and wartime struggle in an effort to deepen their understanding of the country. After key agreements are reached in Kyiv, Ukrainian authorities leave thank-you notes in the cars.

Sometimes, the gestures are more pointed. Early last year, as Ukraine lobbied its Western allies, including Finland, to supply Leopard tanks, train crew members wore leopard-print scarves during a visit by the Finnish president.

“Whenever Ukraine needs something from a foreign leader, we, in collaboration with the foreign affairs ministry, try to come up with certain hints,” Mr. Shevchenko said with a smile.

With peace talks looking more likely as the war drags on, many more diplomats are expected aboard the V.I.P. trains, which have been used more than 1,000 times since the war began.

“The train is much more than a transportation system — it has also become a bridge for diplomacy,” said Annalena Baerbock, the German foreign minister, who has visited wartime Ukraine eight times.

The special train project, called “Iron Diplomacy” by Ukraine, began with a late-night call to Mr. Shevchenko on March 14, 2022. Russia’s full-scale invasion was in its third week and the prime ministers of Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovenia wanted to visit Kyiv to show their support.

Tasked with organizing the trip, Mr. Shevchenko rushed to Lviv, a city near the Polish border, where he and his team assembled a small train of four cars and a locomotive. They then set off to meet the prime ministers across the border in Poland, the train’s point of departure.

The first trip was “a bit chaotic,” Mr. Shevchenko said in an interview at Kyiv’s main train station, a grand baroque-style building with a large hallway with columns and chandeliers. Security teams scrambled on board to plan for their arrival in Kyiv, which was still partially surrounded by Russian forces, including where to position snipers at the train station.

Over time, Ukrzaliznytsia perfected the details, he said. Two alternate routes are always prepared in case of Russian attacks. When Mr. Biden visited Kyiv last year, two identical trains ran simultaneously on different routes “so that no one would know which was the ghost train and which was the real one,” he said.

The train carrying Mr. Biden was dubbed “Rail Force One” by Ukrainian authorities.

To transport foreign officials, Ukraine has repurposed luxury railroad cars originally designed for wealthy passengers who rented them for trips across the country before the war. Standard sleeper cars are attached to the V.I.P. cars to transport the rest of the delegation.

During a visit to Kyiv in October, Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III traveled in a wood-paneled car with a conference room equipped with a polished wooden table and Victorian-style chairs. Green and gold carpets covered the floor. At the end of the car was a private bedroom, with an en-suite blue-tiled bathroom.

“We want our guests to be as comfortable as possible,” said Zoya Bohach, the train attendant on that trip. On a recent afternoon, she was preparing the same car ahead of a visit of Howard G. Buffett, a philanthropist who runs a multibillion-dollar foundation, setting the conference room table with six sets of scalloped white plates.

On a side table, books seemingly chosen to evoke empathy for Ukraine’s plight awaited Mr. Buffett: a compilation of Mr. Zelensky’s wartime speeches and an account of children’s experiences during the war.

The trains’ decorations can be lavish, with the suite adorned in gold detailing throughout, from the walls to the lighting fixtures. During a June 2022 joint trip to Ukraine, the leaders of Germany and Italy teased President Emmanuel Macron of France about his seemingly superior compartment. “Mine is much less luxurious,” Mario Draghi, Italy’s prime minister at the time, quipped to a smiling Mr. Macron.

Not all politicians ride the souped-up trains, because there are only a handful of them. Gabrielius Landsbergis, Lithuania’s foreign minister, who has made 11 trips to Ukraine during the war, travels in a standard sleeping car reserved for his delegation.

Mr. Landsbergis uses the long train rides to prepare for his meetings the next day, holding briefings with aides in tiny cabins.

“A few of my best sleeps that I have had are on the train,” Mr. Landsbergis said. “Maybe it’s the rocking.”

Magdalena Andersson, the former prime minister of Sweden, said that during the long trip to Kyiv in the summer of 2022, she became aware of the stress that Ukrainians had experienced, knowing that an attack could come at any moment.

“Traveling through a country that is in war, of course, gives you quite a lot to reflect about when you have so many hours without interconnectivity,” she said.

She said it was critical for her to see for herself a mass grave in Bucha, near Kyiv, and evidence of other horrors committed by Russian forces. “Coming home, I could talk about it with the citizens of Sweden in a way that I wouldn’t have been able to do otherwise.”

Daria Mitiuk and Eric Schmitt contributed reporting.

Romania’s Constitutional Court on Friday canceled the final round of a pivotal presidential election with only two days before the vote, saying it needed to ensure the “correctness of the electoral process.” The surprise decision was the latest in a series of political upheavals across Europe, where right wing movements across the European Union are in the ascendancy.

The front-runner in Sunday’s now canceled election had been Calin Georgescu, an ultranationalist whose victory in a first-round vote late last month stunned Romania’s political establishment.

George Simion, a far-right leader who had endorsed Mr. Georgescu, denounced the court ruling, saying “a coup is underway,” but he urged supporters not to take to the street in protest. “The system must fall democratically,” Mr. Simion said.

The court gave no explanation for its decision, and it was not clear when a new first round would take place. “The electoral process for the president of Romania will be entirely redone,” it said in a statement.

The move set off angry reaction among right-wing groups on social media but was welcomed by the prime minister, Marcel Ciolacu, the leader of the governing Social Democrats and a losing candidate in the opening round of the presidential vote.

The decision to annul the vote, he said, was the “only correct solution” following the declassification of security council documents that indicated Russian meddling in the election.

Not long after the first round last month, The Supreme Council of National Defense, which oversees national security, announced that there had been “cyberattacks” meant to undermine the vote and social cohesion. Mr. Georgescu benefited from the campaign, according to Romanian intelligence documents declassified by the president this week.

“Romania, along with other states on NATO’s Eastern Flank, has become a priority for the hostile actions of some state and nonstate actors,” the statement said, singling out Russia.

The council, which is led by President Klaus Iohannis and includes other senior officials, also criticized TikTok, which is owned by a Chinese company, saying the platform had violated electoral laws because it had not identified Mr. Georgescu as a candidate.

One of the race’s presidential candidates also made allegations of irregularities in the vote, and the Constitutional Court took up the case, soon ordering a recount.