Relations between Paris and Algiers have been strained over immigration and since Macron recognised Moroccan sovereignty of the disputed territory of Western Sahara in July last year.

“We will keep President Macron as our sole point of reference,” Tebboune said in an interview broadcast on Algerian television late Saturday night.

“He remains the French president, and all problems must be resolved with him or with the person he delegates.”

The Algerian leader said he had “complete confidence” in his foreign minister Ahmed Attaf, whose ministry has described Algiers as a victim of a “vengeful and hateful French far right”.

Algeria freezes ties with French Senate in latest salvo in Western Sahara dispute

Tensions worsened after Algiers refused to accept the return of undocumented Algerian migrants from France.

One of them, a 37-year-old man went on a stabbing rampage in the eastern city of Mulhouse in February, killing one person and wounding several others.

Hardline French Interior Minister Bruno Retailleau threatened a response if Algeria continues to refuse to admit its expelled nationals.

He has led the verbal attacks on Algeria in the media, fuelling tensions between the countries.

Relations were also damaged after the arrest of Franco-Algerian writer Boualem Sansal in November, as he was accused of undermining the country’s territorial integrity and held in Algeria on national security charges.

Global outrage grows over Franco-Algerian writer’s detention in Algeria

Algerian prosecutors have requested a 10-year prison sentence for Sansal, local media reported Thursday. A verdict in the case is expected on March 27.

Macron voiced fears about the health of the author.

The French President also said Sansal — known for his strong support of free speech — was being held in “arbitrary detention” and that resolving the matter would help restore confidence in diplomatic ties.

 (AFP)

Several scuffles between police officers and demonstrators took place in Paris.

The rallies took place amid the rightward shift in French politics, with the government pledging to tighten immigration policies and border controls. Around 62,000 people protested across France, according to police.

Many pointed to the growing strength of reactionary political forces, in France but also in the United States.

In the French capital, thousands of people took to the streets.

“Fascism is gangrene from Washington to Paris,” read one placard.

“The far right is on the rise everywhere in Europe, it’s scary because in France we see far-right ideas becoming more and more commonplace, even among ministers in this government,” said Evelyne Dourille, a 74-year-old pensioner.

One American protester said similar demonstrations should be taking place in the United States.

“America is sliding towards fascism,” said the 55-year-old woman.

Aurelie Trouve, a lawmaker for the hard-left France Unbowed (LFI) party, pointed to the growing popularity of the far-right party of Marine Le Pen in France.

“Far-right ideas are contaminating even the government,” she said.

(link)

In the southern port city of Marseille, some 3,300 people took to the streets, while 2,600 protested in Lille in the north, according to police.

“Against state Islamophobia” and “Tesla is the new swastika,” said some of the placards.

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Ines Frehaut, a student who took part in her first demonstration, said some of the statements of France’s hardline interior minister worried her.

“When you see what has said about Islam, Algeria and the wearing of the veil, it’s serious!” she said.

The protests took place a day after the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.

“The situation is serious,” the Human Rights League (LDH) said, pointing to an “alarming increase” in racist acts.

“There is a global reactionary offensive against foreigners and their children, against Muslims,” added Dominique Sopo, head of of SOS Racisme, also pointing to increasing racist and anti-Semitic acts.

French far-right leader’s presence at Israel anti-Semitism conference stirs controversy

In the run-up to the rallies the LFI party caused an uproar in France by publishing the image of Cyril Hanouna, one of the most influential stars of right-wing media in the country, as part of a campaign calling on people to turn out for the anti-racism protests.

The image pictured Hanouna, who was born into a Jewish family that had immigrated to France from Tunisia. Critics accused the LFI of imitating the anti-Semitic tropes of the Third Reich. Key LFI figures admitted publishing the image was a “mistake” and it was withdrawn.

 (AFP)

Wifredo Lam, Beauford Delaney, Ernest Breleur, Skunder Boghossian, Christian Lattier, Demas Nwoko, Edward Glissant, Frantz Fanon, Aimé Césaire, Grace Jones… These are just some of the artists whose paintings, film and audiovisual works have gone on display at the Pompidou Centre.

And then there are the American creators famed for their work produced in Paris, including Faith Ringgold, Josephine Baker and author James Balwin. Countries from Cuba, Haiti and Jamaica to Martinique, Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal are also among those represented.

An exhibition like ‘Paris Noir‘ has been long awaited at Paris’s flagship modern art museum, despite a strong black, African and Caribbean presence in the French capital, for centuries.

It includes displays on the creation of the seminal magazine Présence Africaine (now also a publishing house) and that of Revue noire, which chronicled the presence and influence of black artists in France between the 1950s and 2000s.

The Pompidou Centre has also included new works by contemporary artists from Transatlantic African American and European communities, such as Jon One, Valérie John, Nathalie Leroy Fiévee, Jay Ramier and Shuck One. 

Black consciousness

Eva Barois De Caevel is one of the exhibition curators. “This in-depth work, a historiographical challenge, is now presenting more than 300 works and even more objects and artefacts,” she told RFI.

The event is the result of two years of work by the Pompidou Centre’s contemporary and prospective creation department, led by Alicia Knock.

Contemporary African culture centre to open in Paris after four-year delay

Knock was particularly insistent on including the works of artists who came to Paris in the 1950s, during the period of anti-colonial struggle which was “organised through alliances between the Americas and Africa”, thanks to methods of resistance born in the Caribbean since the Haitian revolution.

“We could have called the show ‘Paris, Dakar’, ‘Paris, Lagos’, ‘Paris, Johannesburg’, ‘Paris, Havana’, ‘Paris, Fort-de-France’, or ‘Paris, Port-au-Prince’… But this would have been a bias that didn’t interest us,” De Caevel added.

Instead, the museum sought to focus on the idea of a black consciousness, referencing The Black Atlantic, the seminal book by British sociologist and cultural studies academic Paul Gilroy, published in 1993, an exploration of the “double consciousness” of black people in the western world during the modern period.

The curators have included artistic representations of the experience of enslavement and the slave trade, which De Caevel called “unprecedented in the history of humanity, which gives us a common base”.

Equally vital to include was the experience of racism, including institutional racism. “This means that these artists were ignored,” added De Caevel, “and not considered by institutions – until very recently, or even until today.”

Political context

The show is an archive of an immensely rich part of Paris’s history, according to the British photographer Johny Pitts, who worked for more than a decade documenting “black Europe” in his book Afropeans.

“It reminds us that, as well as the art, it is important to show the conditions of production of the art, the politics behind the art, the intellectual movements that have helped to spearhead many black artistic traditions,” he told RFI. “And I’m really glad because sometimes I feel like that gets lost.”

Beyond appreciating the visuals, for him the exhibition helps to highlight the political context in which the art was made.

Post-colonial artists reimagine the future in new Pompidou exhibition in Metz

“I think it’s a very important intervention,” he added. “I loved seeing the collection of Présence Africaine, the books all displayed, and also the work of photographers like Haitian Henri Roy, who’s one of my favourite photographers and has been going for a long time: here, finally, he gets his credit. There’s a lot of work in here that I have seen for the first time, and then artists whose work I actually didn’t know. It’s just so powerful.”

Pitt’s photographs were recently exhibited in the French capital by Little Africa, an art space in Paris’s Goutte d’or neighbourhood founded by a group of African cultural players.

Curated with Little Africa, numerous art, cultural and educational shows have been scheduled in venues across Paris and the Île-de-France region as parallel events reflecting “black Paris” to run intended with the Pompidou Centre’s exhibition.

‘Paris Noir’ is at the Pompidou Centre in Paris until 30 June, 2025. 

Sitting on the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, the Musée d’Orsay was originally a railway station, erected for the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition to show off France’s first fleet of electric trains.

This was a period marked by great transformation and development in society, celebrating machinery, transport, medicine and invention.

It was also the heyday of Impressionism, a movement in which artists painted outdoors from life, rather than in a studio from sketches, capturing the fleeting effects of light and colour.

This period also coincided with the origin of atmospheric measurements, which continue to inform scientists today about the pace of global warming, which has increased considerably in recent decades.

Saved from demolition in the 1970s, the Gare d’Orsay was transformed into a temple of art, focused on work produced between 1850 and 1914. 

Today, the Musée d’Orsay’s project “100 works that tell the story of the climate” invites the public to take a closer look at artworks from the late 19th and early 20th centuries and the stories they tell, from both an artistic and scientific perspective.

“The battle for the climate is now a cultural one” Servane Dagnies-de Vitry, curator of the project, told RFI.

Climatologists, she says, are aware that facts and figures don’t always drive home the urgency of the environmental message – and that’s where art and culture come into the picture.

Beyond the beauty of the landscapes and the technical rendering of human endeavour, these works represent a certain fragility and ephemeral quality in the face of change and progress, she said.

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“Artists, by definition, could not have been aware of the greenhouse effect we know so well today,” she added. “Nevertheless, the artists sensed that the world was changing,”

Dagnies-de Vitry gave the example of the painter Théodore Rousseau, who fought to preserve part of the Fontainebleau forest, south east of Paris, where he often set up his easel to paint the landscape.

“He believed that too much logging was being done in this forest for industry, which led to the creation of the world’s first nature reserve,” she explained.

From Brest, to Tulle, Avignon and Pont-Aven, the project sees 49 paintings, drawings, photographs and sculptures loaned to smaller museums in 12 different regions around France, from March until July. The 51 other works are on display around the Musée d’Orsay in Paris, with a specially designed guide available for visitors.

Each museums has organised public conferences, guided tours and workshops covering the environmental themes evoked by the artworks, such as deforestation, loss of biodiversity, pollution and the use of fossil fuels.

French climatologist Jean Jouzel is one of four experts interviewed by the Musée d’Orsay in a book published in parallel to the project.

Environmental art project immerses Avignon audiences in the great outdoors

A specialist in greenhouse gases, he was behind the first study demonstrating the link between atmospheric CO2 concentration and global warming, published in 1987.

Using ice samples from the 1980s that came from the Soviet-run Vostok station in Antarctica, his team was able to reconstruct carbon dioxide levels over the last 10,000 years.

Their findings showed that “the concentration of carbon dioxide had never been so high as after the 19th century… undeniably marking the influence of the industrial revolution,” he said.

In partnering with regional museums over several months, the Musée d’Orsay is bringing a focus to the very regions that inspired the artworks, and which are directly affected by climate change, Dargnies-de Vitry explained.

Global temperatures exceeded 1.5C warming limit in 2024

The town of Ornans, whose museum is borrowing “The Trout” by the painter Gustave Courbet, who was from the town in the eastern region of Franche-Comté-Bourgonge. Once abundant, the species is now dying out and its habitat, the Loue River, is under threat. 

Elsewhere, the Girodet Museum in Montargis, central France, will play host to “Flood at Port-Marly” by Alfred Sisley, painted in 1876. The museum’s own collection was severely damaged by an episode of flooding in 2016.

“Art, literature and cinema can arouse emotions, shape stories to transform consciousness,” Dargnies-de Vitry said, adding that she wonders whether such emotional responses can give rise to more ambitious action when it comes to protecting the environment. Time will tell.

“100 works that tell the story of the climate” can be seen at the Musée d’Orsay in Paris and 12 regional museums around France until July.

Discovered in 2000 by an amateur cave explorer, the Grotte de Cussac holds ancient human remains, traces of long-extinct bears and stunning, fragile artworks. Deep inside this labyrinthine cave, ancient humans who lived around 30,000 years ago carved horses, mammoths and rhinoceros into the walls, creating a prehistoric menagerie that has rarely been seen – until now.

A team of journalists from French news agency AFP has been granted access to the cave, a privilege usually reserved for researchers for just four weeks each year.

After passing through the iron access gate, the group donned white suits, hairnets and gloves and disinfected the soles of their shoes, before crawling through a narrow corridor that crosses a rockfall which has partitioned the area for millennia.

Then, using headlamps, they walked through vast galleries of stalactites and stalagmites on a narrow clay path, carefully following the route taken by caver Marc Delluc, who discovered the cave in September 2000.

Delluc had noticed a draft blowing from within the rocks. After removing several limestone slabs, he uncovered a path which, after following it for around 100 metres, led him to the engravings.

He described experiencing an “adrenaline rush” upon seeing the intertwining shapes and curves above his head. “I realised the privilege granted to me: to enter a place that has been sacred since time immemorial,” Delluc, who passed away in 2017, later recalled.

‘A sanctuary’

The 1.6-kilometre cave contains more than 1,000 carved figures, both animals and stylised feminine forms, drawn on the soft rock during the so-called Gravettian period – between 26,000 and 35,000 years ago, several millennia before the famous Lascaux cave.

“The Grotte de Cussac is exceptional for its well-preserved state. It was probably closed off very soon after it was occupied, which protected the soil and vestiges inside,” said Emeline Deneuve, chief heritage conservationist for the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region’s cultural affairs department.

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Claw marks and signs of burrowing also attest to the presence of the cave bear, a distant relative of the brown bear. It is in their dens, which they dug for hibernation, that human remains, contemporaneous with the cave art, were found. Six individuals have been identified.

According to Jacques Jaubert, an archaeologist responsible for the multidisciplinary research project, the cave was a “sanctuary” rather than a dwelling. “The group lived outside, in the open or in shelters under the rocks,” he explained.

‘A passage between worlds’

To explain the presence of humans, he believes the cave may have been used for initiation ceremonies – “a rite of passage for adolescents to join the adult world”, which was a practice often observed in primitive hunter-gatherer groups.

The Gravettians may have also perceived the cave “as a passage between the world of the living and the world of the dead,” said Jaubert.

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The engravings, which he calls “fragments of mythology,” were made using sharp tools of flint, wood, and bone. They depict bison, ibex, geese and other animals, as well as women, often with giant heads and tiny feet.

Researcher Valerie Feruglio, who uses 3D imaging to study the artworks, said: “After testing the wall with their hands, leaving finger trails, the engraver began with initial animal figures, on which others would overlap,” to illustrate a narrative “told by the artist or the viewer, mainly featuring bisons in friezes, others obscured by horses, or mammoths associated with female silhouettes.”

Strict measures

Researchers in the partially explored cave must adhere to strict measures to preserve this fragile site, which has been listed as a historical monument since 2002 and is protected under environmental law. To ensure the preservation of the site, the French state has also acquired the land above the cave.

“We are the guardians responsible for preserving and documenting the site,” said Deneuve, the conservation chief. “We support the research carried out there, as long as it is in line with conservation and heritage requirements. Documenting the cave and digitising it in 3D is also part of our goal to bring it to the public.”

In October, the Dordogne department opened a free exhibit on the cave in the town of Buisson-de-Cadouin, displaying reproductions of its artworks.

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But authorities say there are no plans to open the cave to the public. The state does not want to repeat the mistakes of the Lascaux cave in the same region, which was contaminated by micro-organisms due to an influx of visitors, before its closure in 1963.

(with AFP)

The government said it hoped the move would be translated into concrete action, after M23 this week pulled out of planned talks with Congolese authorities at the last minute due to EU sanctions on some of its leaders and Rwandan officials.

It would have been their first direct engagement with Congo’s government after President Felix Tshisekedi reversed his longstanding refusal to speak to the rebels.

The Congo River Alliance, which includes M23, said in a statement on Saturday that it had “decided to reposition its forces” from Walikale and surrounding areas that M23 took control of this week.

This decision was in line with a ceasefire declared in February and in support of peace initiatives, it said in a statement that was greeted with scepticism by army officers.

A senior member of the alliance who did not wish to be named said repositioning meant withdrawing to “give peace a chance”. The source declined to say where M23 rebels would withdraw to.

“We are asking for Walikale and surroundings to remain demilitarised,” the source said. “If the FARDC (Congo’s army) and their allies come back, this means they want to relaunch hostilities.”

Foreign Affairs Minister Therese Kayikwamba Wagner told reporters: “We are going to see whether M23 will withdraw from Walikale and whether M23 will give priority to dialogue and peace … So we hope that this will be translated into concrete action.”

Rwandan-backed M23 gains in eastern DRC spark UN warnings and regional fears

Peace efforts  

Congo’s army did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

An army officer said he was sceptical about the announced withdrawal. Another officer said M23 was advancing towards Mubi, another town in the area, after the army and pro-government militia bombed Walikale’s airport and cut off some of M23’s road access.

“They now have a provision problem,” said the second officer, who spoke on condition of anonymity. “They will not withdraw. They will move in front of (Walikale) and behind it.”

A M23 officer told Walikale residents on Thursday they were leaving a small group of soldiers there to provide security, while other soldiers “continue all the way to Kinshasa”.

Walikale is the furthest west the rebels have reached in an unprecedented advance that has already overrun eastern Congo’s two largest cities since January.

Its capture put the rebels within 400 km of Kisangani, the country’s fourth-biggest city with a bustling port at the Congo River’s farthest navigable point upstream of the capital Kinshasa, some 1,500 km (930 miles) away.

There have been several attempts to resolve the spiralling conflict, rooted in the fallout from Rwanda‘s 1994 genocide and competition for mineral riches, including several ceasefires that were violated and regional summits to open up dialogue.

Congo, the United Nations and Western governments say Rwanda has been providing arms and troops to the ethnic Tutsi-led M23. Rwanda denies this, saying its military has been acting in self-defence against Congo’s army and a militia founded by perpetrators of the genocide.

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The M23 alliance leader Corneille Naanga on Friday dismissed a joint call for an immediate ceasefire by Congo and Rwanda and reiterated demands for direct talks with Kinshasa, saying it was the only way to resolve the conflict.

 (Reuters)

Imamoglu’s opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP) has denounced the detention as a “coup” and vowed to keep up the demonstrations, which by Thursday night had spread to at least 32 of Turkey’s 81 provinces, according to a count by French news agency AFP.

Opposition leader Ozgur Ozel told supporters: “This is not the time for politics in rooms and halls but on the streets and squares.”

Imamoglu was arrested in a pre-dawn raid on Wednesday, on corruption and terror charges, ahead of his expected election on Sunday as the CHP’s candidate for Turkey’s presidential elections in 2028. 

According to political analyst Mesut Yegen of the Reform Institute, an Istanbul-based think tank, Imamoglu is more than just a mayor. 

“Imamoglu is now [Erdogan’s] main rival, it’s obvious,” Yegen told RFI, adding that as Istanbul‘s mayor he has a unique opportunity. “Istanbul is important for the resources it has, it’s the biggest municipality. Here in Turkey, municipalities are important to finance politics.”

Popular appeal

Opinion polls give Imamoglu – who defeated Erdogan’s AK party three times in mayoral elections – a double-digit lead over Erdogan. This is because he is widely seen as reaching beyond his secular political base to religious voters, nationalists and Turkey’s large Kurdish constituency. 

Some observers see Imamoglu’s arrest as a sign that Erdogan is reluctant to confront the mayor in presidential elections.

“If Erdogan could beat him politically with regular rules, he would love that. But he cannot be doing that. Erdogan wants to take him out of the political sphere one way or the other,” explained Sezin Oney, a commentator on Turkey‘s independent Politikyol news outlet. 

“The competitive side has started to be too much of a headache for the presidency, so they want to get rid of the competitive side and emphasise the authoritarian side, with Imamoglu as the prime target,” she said.

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Turkey’s justice minister Yilmaz Tunc has angrily rejected claims that Imamoglu’s prosecution is politically motivated, insisting the judiciary is independent. 

Erdogan sought to play down the protests, saying on Friday that Turkey “will not surrender to street terror” and discouraged any further demonstrations.

“We, as a party and individuals, have no time to waste on the opposition’s theatrics. We are focused on our work and our goals,” Erdogan declared. 

Imamoglu’s arrest comes as Turkey’s crisis-ridden economy took another hit, with significant falls on the stock market and its currency falling by more than 10 percent as international investors fled the Turkish market.

‘Out of sight, out of mind’

However, Oney suggests Erdogan will be banking on a combination of fear and apathy eventually leading to the protests dissipating, and that Imamoglu, like other imprisoned political figures in Turkey, will be marginalised.

“The government is counting on the possibility that once Imamoglu is out of sight, [he will be] out of mind,” she predicts. “So he will just be forgotten, and the presidency will have its way [more easily].”

Turkey is no stranger to jailing politicians, even leaders of political parties. However, Oney warns that with Imamoglu facing a long prison sentence if convicted, the significance of such a move should not be underestimated.

“It’s going to be extremely detrimental to Turkish democracy. You have jailing of politicians, but someone on the scale of Imamoglu will be unique,” she said.

Despite Imamoglu’s detention, the CHP vowed it would press ahead with its primary on Sunday, at which it would formally nominate him as its candidate for the 2028 race.

The party said it would open the process to anyone who wanted to vote, not just party members, saying: “Come to the ballot box and say ‘no’ to the coup attempt!”

Observers said the government could seek to block the primary, to prevent a further show of support for Imamgolu.

A simple request to an image-generating artificial intelligence (AI) tool such as Stable Diffusion or Dall-E is all it takes to demonstrate this.

When given requests such as “generate the image of someone who runs a company” or “someone who runs a big restaurant” or “someone working in medicine”, what appears, each time, is the image of a white man.

When these programmes are asked to generate an image of “someone who works as a nurse” or “a domestic worker” or “a home help”, these images were of women.

As part of a Unesco study published last year, researchers asked various generative AI platforms to write stories featuring characters of different genders, sexualities and origins. The results showed that stories about “people from minority cultures or women were often more repetitive and based on stereotypes”.

The report showed a tendency to attribute more prestigious and professional jobs to men – teacher or doctor, for example – while often relegating women to traditionally undervalued or more controversial roles, such as domestic worker, cook or prostitute.

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The broad language patterns used by these Large Language Model (LLM) tools also tend to associate female names with words such as “home”, “family” or “children”, while male names are more closely associated with the words “business”, “salary” and “career”.

As such, these models demonstrate “unequivocal prejudice against women,” warned Unesco in a press release.

“Discrimination in the real world is not only reflected in the digital sphere, it is also amplified there,” said Tawfik Jelassi, Unesco’s assistant director-general for communication and information.

A mirror of society

To create content, generative AI is “trained on billions of documents produced at a certain time,” explained Justine Cassell, director of research at France’s National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology (Inria). 

She explained that such documents, depending on when they were produced, often contain dated and discriminatory stereotypes, with the result that AI trained on them then conveys and reiterates these.

This is the case with image and text generators, but also for facial recognition programmes, which feed off millions of existing photos.

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In 2019, a US federal agency warned that some facial recognition systems were having difficulty correctly identifying women, particularly those of African-American origin – which has consequences for public safety, law enforcement and individual freedoms.

This is also an issue in the world of work, where AI is increasingly being used by HR managers to assist with recruitment.

In 2018, news agency Reuters reported that Amazon had to abandon an AI recruitment tool. The reason? The system did not evaluate candidates in a gender-neutral manner, as it was based on data accumulated from CVs submitted to the company – mainly by men. This led it to reject female applicants.

Diversifying data

AI is first and foremost a question of data. And if this data is incomplete or only represents one category of people, or if it contains conscious or unconscious bias, AI programmes will still use it – and broadcast it on a massive scale.

“It is vital that the data used to drive the systems is diverse and represents all genders, races and communities,” said Zinnya del Villar, director of data, technology and innovation at the Data-Pop Alliance think tank. 

In an interview with the UN Women agency, del Villar explained: “It is necessary to select data that reflects different social backgrounds, cultures and roles, while eliminating historical prejudices, such as those that associate certain jobs or character traits with one gender.”

One fundamental problem, according to Cassell at Inria, is that “most developers today are still predominantly white men, who may not be as sensitive to the presence of bias”.

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Because they are not subject to the prejudices suffered by women and minorities, male designers are often less aware of the problem – and 88 percent of algorithms are built by men. In addition to raising awareness of bias, researchers are urging companies in the sector to employ more diverse engineering teams.

“We need a lot more women coding AI models, because they’re the ones who will be asking the question: doesn’t this data contain abnormal behaviour or behaviour that we shouldn’t reproduce in the future?” Nelly Chatue-Diop, CEO and co-founder of the start-up Ejara, told RFI.

Under-representation of women

Currently, women account for just 22 percent of people working in artificial intelligence worldwide, according to the World Economic Forum.

The European AI barometer carried out by Join Forces & Dare (JFD – formerly Digital Women’s Day) reveals that of the companies surveyed with an AI manager on their executive committee, only 29 per cent of these managers are women. Globally, women account for 12 percent of AI researchers.

“The lack of diversity in the development of AI reinforces biases, perpetuates stereotypes and slows down innovation,” warns the report.

It’s an observation echoed by Unesco, which posits that the under-representation of women in the field, and in management positions, “leads to the creation of socio-technical systems that do not take into account the diverse needs and perspectives of all genders” and reinforces “disparities between men and women”.

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Both organisations have emphasised the need to ensure that girls are made aware of and guided towards STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects from a young age – areas which are still too often the preserve of men, and in which high-achieving women are often invisible. 

With AI applications increasingly used by both the general public and businesses, “they have the power to shape the perception of millions of people,” noted Audrey Azoulay, director-general of Unesco. “The presence of even the slightest gender bias in their content can significantly increase inequalities in the real world.”

Unesco, alongside numerous specialists in the sector, is calling for mechanisms to be put in place on an international level to regulate the sector within an ethical framework.

But this seems a long way off. The United States, with its colossal weight in this field, did not sign the Paris Summit declaration on AI, issued last month. Nor did the United Kingdom.

While the UK government said the statement ha not gone far enough in terms of addressing global governance of AI, US vice-president JD Vance criticised what he called Europe’s “excessive regulation” of the technology.

This article has been adapted from the original version in French.

All three teams advanced on Tuesday and Wednesday to the quarter-finals of the Champions League to continue the projection of the RDB’s “Visit Rwanda” logo in European club football’s most prestigious competition.

PSG progressed at the expense of Liverpool following a penalty shoot-out at Anfield. Bayern cruised past Bundesliga rivals Bayer Leverkusen 5-0 on aggregate and Arsenal spanked the Dutch outfit PSV Eindhoven 9-3 over two legs.

In the last eight, PSG will play Aston Villa, Bayern will take on Inter Milan and Arsenal will face defending champions Real Madrid.

While the clubs battle for supremacy, their association with the RDB is coming under increasing scrutiny due to rows over the involvement of Rwandan troops in the M23 group which is fighting soldiers from the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Human rights groups as well as the United Nations say they have evidence that Rwanda is actively bolstering the M23 in its sweep through Goma and Bukavu in the provinces of North Kivu and South Kivu.

Authorities in Kigali deny providing arms and troops to M23 rebels. They say Rwandan forces are acting in self-defence against the Congolese army and militias hostile to Rwandans, especially Tutsi.

Possible deal

But as Angolan officials attempt to broker a peace deal between the Congolese president Félix Tshisekedi and M23 leaders, campaigners in Europe have called on the football clubs to terminate their contracts with a brand that they claim has become tarnished.

“Ideally, the contract should end immediately,” said Jordan Madiande who launched a petition in January with his cousin Lionel Tambwe calling for PSG’s deal with the RDB to be severed.

Arsenal’s association with “Visit Rwanda” began in May 2018. Its logo appears on the shirt sleeves of Arsenal’s men’s, women’s and youth teams and can be seen on boards at the Emirates Stadium in north London and on interview backdrops.

PSG signed its initial contract with the RDB in 2019. It was renewed in May 2023 and is scheduled to end after the 2025 season.

Under the PSG deal with the RDB, the logo “Visit Rwanda” appears on the training and warm-up kits of the men’s teams. Rwandan tea and coffee is also served at kiosks and in the suites at the PSG stadium. In both instances current and former players travel to Rwanda for promotional tours.

“If it’s not renewed, that will be acceptable,” added Madiande whose parents came to France from the DRC in the 1980s. “It will still be a victory.”

The 32-year-old social worker’s petition states that as an internationally respected club, PSG has an important role to play in promoting positive values.

It adds: “However, by maintaining this partnership with “Visit Rwanda”, our club could be perceived as ignoring the geopolitical and humanitarian realities of this situation, and risk giving the impression that it is turning a blind eye to human rights violations.”

Comment

PSG has yet to comment publicly on the petition which has amassed 73,000 signatures nor has there been a response to a letter from the DRC’s minister of foreign affairs, Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner.

In January, she called on PSG’s bosses as well as their counterparts at Arsenal and Bayern Munich to review their sponsorship deals.

“At a time when Rwanda is waging war, Rwanda’s guilt in this conflict has become indisputable,” wrote  Kayikwamba Wagner. “Your sponsor is directly responsible for this misery.”

Arsenal have maintained their links with the RDB so too Bayern Munich who dispatched a fact-finding team to Rwanda.

Congo’s government says at least 7,000 people have died in the fighting since January. According to the UN humanitarian affairs office (Ocha), at least 600,000 people have been displaced by the fighting since November.

“Maybe before, PSG’s executives didn’t really know what was going on or they didn’t understand the scale of it,” said Madiande.

“But new things are happening. Bukavu was taken since the petition began. There are the UN reports that say what is happening and there are international reports from human rights organisations. We didn’t invent it. So the question is now, can PSG go on with this?”

Contract

The controversy surrounding the 15 million-euro a year contract has also illuminated the extent and depth of Rwanda’s footprint in the world of sport.

Rwanda and South Africa are both bidding to stage a Formula 1 grand prix in 2027 – potentially the continent’s first such race since 1993. A state-of-the-art track is being built to F1 standards close to Kigali’s new Bugesera airport in the case of success.

In September, Rwanda will welcome the world cycling championships – the first time since its inception in 1921 that the planet’s elite operators will compete in Africa.

Rwanda’s President Paul Kagame was also one of the strongest advocates for the establishment in 2021 of the Basketball Africa League. Critics say such promotion is sportswashing –  using sporting events to gloss over official clampdowns on political opponents and human rights abuses. 

“It is very much part of Kagame’s toolkit,” said Michela Wrong, author of several books on the region including Rwanda Assassins sans frontierès. “He does sportswashing superbly well.

“And it’s because it works in his favour, He’s also genuinely an Arsenal fan, so he likes to go and watch the matches himself.

“Rwanda is managing to get its its message out to a very particular audience. It’s a young audience. It’s a trendy audience. It’s an audience that possibly isn’t that well informed about the niceties of African politics over the last 30 years and one that can’t really be bothered to read up on that sort of detail.

“So it’s a way of sort of going over the heads of people like me and journalists. Rwanda goes over our heads and reaches a young audience that really doesn’t want to engage with those issues. So I think it’s a very effective way of marketing a certain kind of message.

“This is sportswashing taken to quite a very high level, a level that I don’t think you can see anywhere else in Africa.”

In February, the RDB, responded to queries about its sponsorship deals on social media. It claimed the DRC was undermining its international partnerships through misinformation and political pressure.

“These efforts threaten regional peace, stability, and economic cooperation,” said the message on X. “These collaborations transcend borders, inspire millions across Africa, and contribute to the continent’s socioeconomic progress.”

Madiande, a life-long PSG fan, said he would wait to see if the PSG sponsorship deal were to be renewed before deciding if the campaign should be escalated.

“We think that clubs are intelligent and that they will understand that this is serious,” he said. 

“We think that with the values defended by PSG, Arsenal and Bayern Munich and especially with their histories, that it’s going to stop. But if it doesn’t, there will be further action. It will be more visible.”

 Ligue 1 pacesetters PSG host arch rivals Marseille at the Parc des Princes on Sunday night. Victory over the visitors, who occupy second place, would extend PSG’s lead to 19 points with eight games remaining.

“I’ve been a PSG fan for as long as I can remember,” said Madiande. “But if their approach doesn’t change, I’ll have to ask myself lots of questions. That will be hard. I’ve supported them when they nearly went down to the second division and I’m still a supporter now when things are going better.

“They really can’t need this money from this source. There must be many organisations out there willing to be associated with the club.”

Aix-Marseille University launched the “Safe Space for Science” initative earlier this month, offering to take in American scientists fleeing the US after the Trump administration announced it would pull funding and putting restrictions on some areas of research.

Forty US scientists have “answered the call”, the university said in a press release this week.

They include academics from Stanford, Yale, NASA, the National Institute for Health (NIH), and George Washington University.

Most of the research topics are related to health  – LGBT+ medicine, epidemiology, infectious diseases, inequalities, immunology, etc.), the environment and climate change, plus the humanities, social science and astrophysics, the statement said.

Ex-NOAA chief: Trump firings put lives, jobs, and science in jeopardy

‘New brain drain’

“We are witnessing a new brain drain,” Benton said in the statement,issued on Wednesday.

“We will do everything possible to help as many scientists as possible continue their research.”

The first American scientist arrived at Aix-Marseille this week. Andrea, a specialist in infectious diseases and epidemics, was working on the African continent.

“The main impact of Donald Trump’s policies on my work is that it’s created a climate of utter uncertainty and fear,” she told France Info. “And even if I still have a job, and we receive funds, there is no information on whether the financing will continue.”

Aix-Marseille says it can raise €15 million to support around 13 US scientists, but insisted it would not be able to meet all the requests on its own. Benton has called on the French and other European governments to help.

French scientists join US protests in face of Trump administration’s ‘sabotage’

The Trump administration’s cuts have already had an impact. On Tuesday, UMass Chan – a public medical school in Massachusetts – announced a freeze on hiring citing “ongoing uncertainties related to federal funding of biomedical research”. Students who had already been accepted were informed by email that their admissions for autumn 2025 term were rescinded.

“The capitalist system and the bourgeois mode of thinking is in a big crisis,” says Gernot Wolfer.

Comrade Wolfer is a representative of the Berlin cell of the Marxist-Leninist Party of Germany (MLPD), which took part in the German election under the slogan “Make Socialism Great Again”.

Wolfer, 67, is a retired metal worker who was employed by multinational companies such as Bosch and Siemens, and active in the powerful IG Metall union. 

Berlin’s public transport grinds to a halt as workers strike ahead of German elections

In the library at the MLPD Berlin office is a small bust of Karl Marx, and the bookshelves feature titles such as “The End of Socialism?”, “Trade Union and Class Struggle” and “On the Formation of Neo-imperialist countries”.

On the photocopier sits a yellow hardhat with a sticker that reads “Workers of all countries: Unite!”.

Wolfer was well prepared, bearing five A4 sheets of remarks, written in both German and English. “It’s approved by the politburo,” he told us cheerfully, “so you can quote me on it.”

“We wanted to make a counterpoint to the well-known slogan of the US president,” he said, referring to Donald Trump’s “Make America Great Again” maxim.

“It makes no sense to make America great again, or Germany or Russia or China. They are heading directly to a third world war,” he added. “The world will be divided again, over raw materials. If mankind is to survive, we have to overcome capitalism. We need a socialist world.”

Fragmentation of the left

But even uniting those who share this goal to fight for it could prove a daunting task.

The MLPD is one of several parties within the German political left that uses “social” or “socialist” principles in their manifestos.

The largest by far is the establishment Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) – the country’s centre-left social democrat party, which has been in power on and off since the Second World War. It is the oldest political party in Germany, and the party of recently defeated Chancellor Olaf Scholz.

Much further to the left is Die Linke. It is the offspring of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) – commonly referred to in English as the East German Communist Party – which ruled East Germany for seven decades.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the SED morphed into the Democratic Socialist Party (PDS) which in 2005 changed its name to Die Linke, and attained its best election result in 2009 with 11.9 percent of the votes.

Today, the party presents itself as combining green politics with social awareness. They made a surprise comeback during the recent election, with their share of the vote (8.77 percent) meaning they’ll have 64 seats in the Bundestag.

Germany’s far-left party celebrates surprise comeback in elections

An offspring of Die Linke, led by former MP Sahra Wagenknecht, the BSW, combines left-wing economics with right-wing nationalism and cultural conservatism – it is anti-immigration and pro-Russia – but did not get enough votes to enter parliament.

Left of the left

On the far left are the Socialist Equality Party (SGP), a Trotskyist group whose slogan is “Socialism instead of War!”, and Wolfer’s MLPD.

Germany’s domestic intelligence service (the BfV) names the SGP and MLPD as “strictly ideological left-wing-extremists”, as well as “extremist structures” within Die Linke, saying that their “shared goal” is “to dismantle the democratic constitutional state and establish socialism and, proceeding from that, a classless communist society”.

But for now, Wolfer believes it is better to operate within the existing system.

Praising France’s “anti-fascist front”, the alliance led by Jean-Luc Mélenchon’s France Unbowed party, he regrets that similar election coalitions are not allowed in Germany. “You have to go to the election as one single party,” he says, something he thinks is “a restriction of democratic rights”.

He adds that his party supports “a broad anti-fascist unity under all progressive parties, not only left parties”.

He also says that they “work together with people from Die Linke” which he says has “progressive demands”, adding: “That’s good. They are an important force within the anti-fascist movement.”

“But,” he continued, “they made their deal with the capitalist society. The word ‘socialism’ is very rarely used in their leaflets or books”.

Why socialism?

The question remains: why socialism? After the failure of the USSR, the excesses of Stalin’s Gulag, the Chinese Communist Party’s experiments with the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, costing the lives of millions of people, who is still interested in socialism as an ideology?

Cannibalism in China 50 years on

“The first socialist countries of the world have been very successful for decades,” counters Wolfer. “So the plane flew before it crashed.”

And the reason for this “crash”? “We call it a betrayal of the socialist principles,” he says.

A case in point is the Berlin Wall, which was constructed by East German authorities in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West. 

“The Berlin wall is not a socialist wall. The main slogan of the communist movement and of Marx and Lenin was for ‘workers of all countries to unite’, not to build walls and divide yourselves against each other,” explains Wolfer.

“The Stasi dictatorship in the former East Germany and the criminal acts in the later Soviet Union are not results of a socialist mode of thinking,” he says, referring to the infamous intelligence service that arrested and tortured thousands of civilians.

He argues that today, China’s Communist party is no longer a working-class party either: “On the latest party congress, there’s a bunch of millionaires.”

He says such betrayals of socialist ideals and the experiences of socialist countries must be evaluated. “We have to build on this and we have to make socialism great again.”

The official results of the German election held on 23 February, published on 14 March show that the MLPD won just 19,551 votes nationwide – or 0.04 percent of the total of 49,649,512.

Although the party gained 1,731 more votes than in the 2021 elections, Wolfer knows his party didn’t stand a chance of reaching the 5 percent threshold to get into the German parliament. But he will keep on fighting for global socialist unity, he says.

Some time ago, he and some other MLPD members went to Israel to “find comrades”. At a demonstration against Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, he and his friends saw a group of Israelis waving Palestinian flags – and red flags too.

“Bingo,” they thought. Wolfer and his MLPD comrades invited this group of Israelis to Berlin, along with a group of Palestinian Marxists.

“In the beginning they were suspicious, they didn’t want to talk to each other,” says Wolfer. But after a few days of discussions in the offices of the MLDP in Berlin, the atmosphere changed. “When they parted they were hugging and crying.”

An article on the home page of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is illustrated with an image of the Ukrainian flag alongside the NATO flag – the blue and yellow side by side with the compass rose on its blue background, representing the Atlantic Ocean and the direction towards peace.

“NATO condemns Russia’s war against Ukraine in the strongest terms. The alliance remains steadfast in its support for Ukraine, helping to uphold its fundamental right to self-defence,” reads the text.

However, in recent weeks the actions of one member – its main contributor – have seemed distinctly out of step with that statement.

Trump’s reversals of the US position on Ukraine and the American rapprochement with Moscow represent an ideological break with NATO, in which Washington has always taken the leading role.

Created in 1949 during the Cold War, the political-military alliance that brings together 32 countries was founded on the need to guard against the expansion of the Soviet Union.

Although following the collapse of the USSR the organisation expanded its missions to include peacekeeping operations, since 2022 Russia has once again been designated a “threat” in the organisation’s “strategic concept”, which defines its doctrine.

Foundations of the alliance shaken

With the US recently appearing more aligned with Russia than with its allies, this paradox raises questions about the future of the organisation. Trump has been increasingly critical of NATO, throughout his campaign and since his election, and has frequently cast doubt on his country’s commitment to it.

During his speech at the Munich Security Conference in mid-February, US vice-president JD Vance urged Europeans to take their defence into their own hands. At the same time, from Warsaw, US defence secretary Pete Hegseth called on Europe to “invest, because you can’t assume that the American presence will last forever”.

France hails ‘progress’ of Ukraine ceasefire deal, says onus is now on Russia

On 6 March, Trump questioned the solidarity of his allies: “My biggest problem with NATO is that if the United States had a problem and we called France or other countries that I won’t name and said we’ve got a problem, do you think they would come and help us, as they’re supposed to? I’m not sure.”

NATO’s Article 5 states that if a NATO country is the victim of an armed attack, this will be considered an attack on all members, all of whom will come to its aid, by any means deemed necessary including the use of armed force.

To date, the only time Article 5 has been invoked was by the US after the 9/11 attacks, which led to NATO’s intervention in Afghanistan. 

“For the time being, there has been no statement from the Trump administration calling into question the foundation of the alliance, Article 5,” stressed Amélie Zima, a researcher at the French Institute of International Relations (Ifri) and head of the European and Transatlantic Security Programme.

Article 5 is the cornerstone of the NATO edifice. “At a recent press conference, a journalist in the Oval Office asked Donald Trump if he would defend Poland. He immediately replied ‘yes, we are committed’. He was then asked the same question about the Baltic States. There he made a sort of grimace, believing that the matter was more complex, but he concluded all the same ‘we are committed’,” Zima added.

For its part, NATO is playing down any fears. “The transatlantic partnership remains the cornerstone of our alliance,” said the organisation’s secretary-general Mark Rutte on 6 March, asserting that he had received guarantees from the US regarding its obligations.

At the same time, he called on Europeans to follow the example of Warsaw, which spends 4.7 percent of its GDP on defence.

“If you look at the spirit of the statements and Trump’s pivot towards Russia, there is clearly a doubt that has been introduced,” said Fabrice Pothier, former director of foresight at NATO from 2010 to 2016.

‘Trump has cast doubt on NATO’s reliability’

While fears of American disengagement are tangible, for Alexis Vahlas, director of a master’s degree in European security at Sciences Po Strasbourg and a former NATO political adviser, this remains unlikely. According to him: “Nato remains a lever of influence and an essential interoperability tool for the United States.”

But the unpredictable nature of the Trump administration means that all scenarios have to be considered. Could NATO function without the US or with less American involvement? Given that the country accounts for around 70 percent of NATO’s military spending and that Article 5 is based on the premise of American military strength – particularly its nuclear arsenal – this would represent an unprecedented upheaval for the alliance, which would consequently lose much of its credibility. 

On 7 March, a Swedish media report quoting unnamed NATO sources indicated that the US had informed its NATO allies of its decision to stop participating in the planning of future military exercises in Europe from 1 January 2026. This information has not been confirmed.

EU Commission chief calls for defence ‘surge’ in address to EU parliament

A US military source quoted by American military newspaper Stars and Stripes then said on 10 March that NATO was “continuing to prepare for military exercises involving the United States this year and beyond”.

Amidst these contradictory statements, General Jean-Paul Paloméros, former NATO Supreme Allied Commander Transformation, told RFI: “These exercises are fundamental because they are representative of the alliance’s ability to fulfil its collective defence mission. If there are no more exercises, there is no longer any demonstration of credibility and joint training. That is NATO’s great strength.”

‘A credible alternative’

“Today, there is a feeling of anxiety that is leading to a dual attitude,” says Vahlas. On the one hand, it is a question of trying to preserve Western cohesion, while on the other, the 23 EU Member States who are NATO members – Austria, Ireland, Cyprus and Malta are not – are preparing to rely more on their own defence structures.

Brussels has validated the ReArm Europe plan, mobilising some €800 billion for European defence. “But there is no exclusivism,” insists Valhas. In other words, the idea is to keep both mechanisms operational: to safeguard NATO as far as possible, while also strengthening the European alternative. 

“NATO is not necessarily dead as an organisation, but it is less reliable, so we need to create an alternative that is sufficiently credible,” said Pothier, who believes this alternative is being built outside the usual frameworks of European security – Nato and the EU – and instead, around a coalition of key countries. 

“American developments, both in terms of support for Ukraine and rapprochement with Russia, and with the introduction of the transactional nature of the security guarantee, obviously represent a challenge for the transatlantic alliance in a context where the threat is greater than at any time since the Cold War. But this does not prevent NATO from remaining a forum for political consultation, a planning framework for deterrence and defence, and interoperability for our armies,” said Muriel Domenach, former French ambassador to NATO.

“While we are talking, Europe’s armies are working within the NATO framework, and this cooperation is useful whatever the framework – EU, NATO or ad hoc,” she added.

Previous crises

This is not the first time NATO’s existence has been called into question. During his first electoral campaign in 2016, Trump deemed the organisation “obsolete” – before then reversing his position.

In 2019, Emmanuel Macron called the organisation “brain dead”, while in the same year, the US decided to unilaterally withdraw its troops from Syria. France in fact left NATO’s integrated command in 1966, with General de Gaulle preferring to maintain strategic independence from the US – although it was reinstated in 2009, under Nicolas Sarkozy.

“NATO has already been through some major crises,” said Zima. “In the 1960s, when we moved from the doctrine of massive retaliation to a graduated response, De Gaulle was already expressing doubts about the Americans‘ willingness to defend Europe and, in particular, to use nuclear weapons.”

Macron hosts European military chiefs to discuss Ukraine security guarantees

But the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, and the need to support the country, gave new weight to the organisation.

Natalia Pouzyreff, co-chair of the French delegation to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, explained: “It is on this issue that the Europeans want to re-engage in dialogue with the United States. For us, there is a continuum. Ukraine is our shield and it is Europe’s shield, and if Europe is not secure, that is not good for the Americans.”

The Trump administration’s stance, however, has clearly deviated from the values promoted by the organisation: freedom, democracy, the rule of law. “There have always been deviations, such as with Viktor Orban’s Hungary or Turkey, but this is the first time that these deviations have been made by the world’s leading political and military power,” said Zima.  

A NATO summit is scheduled for June 2025 in The Hague. Could there be a change in the organisation’s strategic concept, in which Russia would no longer be designated “the most important principal threat” to the Allies?

“If the Americans were to push to institutionalise their position, I think we could be heading for a real institutional crisis,” says Pothier. “It’s one thing to have a spirit that is no longer that of transatlantic concord, but it’s quite another to put it into the very letter of the institution.”

This article has been adapted from the original version in French.

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s already strong support for the militant group Hamas has strained relations with Israel.

Now, Syria is threatening to become a focal point of tension.

Earlier this month, Erdogan issued a widely interpreted warning to Israel to stop undermining Damascus’s new rulers.

“Those who hope to benefit from the instability of Syria by provoking ethnic and religious divisions should know that they will not achieve their goals,” Erdogan declared at a meeting of ambassadors.

Erdogan’s speech followed Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s offer to support Syria’s Druze and Kurdish minorities.

“We will not allow our enemies in Lebanon and Syria to grow,” Netanyahu told the Knesset. “At the same time, we extend our hand to our Druze and Kurdish allies.”

Gallia Lindenstrauss, an Israeli foreign policy specialist at the Institute for National Security Studies in Tel Aviv told RFI that Israel view is not very optimistic about the future of Syria, and sees it as a potential threat to Israel.

Success of rebel groups in Syria advances Turkish agenda

“The fact that Turkey will be dominant in Syria is also dangerous for Israel,” adds Lindenstrauss.

“Turkey could build bases inside Syria and establish air defences there. This would limit Israel’s room for manoeuvre and could pose a threat. Israel wants to avoid this and should therefore adopt a hard-line approach.”

Deepening rivalry

Ankara and Jerusalem’s deepening rivalry is shaping conflicting visions for the future of Syria.

Selin Nasi, a visiting fellow at the London School of Economics’ Contemporary Turkish Studies Department, “Turkey wants to see a secure and stabilised unitary state under Ahmad al-Sharaa’s transitional government.

“Israel, on the other hand, wants to see a weak and fragmented Syria. Its main concern has always been securing its northern border,” added Nasi.

Israeli forces are occupying Syrian territory along their shared northern border, which is home to much of Syria’s Druze minority.

However, Israeli hopes of drawing Syria’s Kurds away from Damascus suffered a setback when the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), which controls part of Syria, signed an agreement on 10 March to merge part of its operations with Syria’s transitional government.

Mutual distrust

As Damascus consolidates control, analysts suggest Israel will be increasingly concerned about Turkey expanding its military presence inside Syria.

“If Turkey establishes military posts in the south of the country, close to the Israeli border, presumably with the permission of the government in Damascus,” warns Soli Ozel, a lecturer in international relations at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna, “then the two sides would be in close proximity, with military forces on both sides. That, I believe, would create a highly dangerous, volatile, and incendiary situation.”

As Erdogan celebrates Turkish role in ousting Assad, uncertainty lies ahead

Analysts warn that if Turkey extends its military presence to include airbases, this could threaten Israel’s currently unchallenged access to Syrian airspace.

However, some observers believe that opportunities for cooperation may still exist.

“Things can change,” says Israeli security analyst Lindenstrauss.

“Israel and Turkey could resume cooperation and potentially contribute to Syria’s reconstruction in a way that does not threaten Israel. However, this does not appear to be the path the Erdogan regime is currently taking, nor does it seem to be the direction chosen by Netanyahu and his government.”

With Erdogan and Netanyahu making little secret of their mutual distrust, analysts warn that their rivalry is likely to spill over into Syria, further complicating the country’s transition from the Assad regime.

“Critical funding gaps are severely hampering humanitarian efforts in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and beyond, leaving thousands without lifesaving aid and pushing an already dire humanitarian situation closer to catastrophe”, Eujin Byun from UNHCR told reporters in Geneva on Friday.

Hundreds of thousands of people have been internally displaced, while more than 100,000 people have fled to neighbouring countries in less than three months due to fighting between the M23 group and Congolese army, according to the UNHCR.

Shelters that previously housed some 400,000 people forced to flee the fighting in and around the city of Goma in North Kivu province have been destroyed, leaving families stranded without shelter or protection, UNHCR added.

“Due to funding cuts, humanitarian partners are struggling to rebuild shelters, leaving displaced people with few options for survival”, the agency said.

No ceasefire

The leader of a rebel alliance that has seized swathes of east Congo told Reuters on Thursday that insurgents were not bound by a ceasefire call from Congo and Rwanda’s presidents and cast any minerals-for-security deal with the US as “treachery”.

Democratic Republic of Congo’s President Felix Tshisekedi and his Rwandan counterpart Paul Kagame met in Doha on Tuesday for the first time since the latest M23 advance that has seen the rebels seize more territory than ever before.

Tshisekedi and Kagame meet in Qatar for crisis talks on eastern DRC

The meeting came one day after M23 pulled out of direct talks with Tshisekedi’s government that were expected to take place in Angola, and as its fighters pushed deeper into Congolese territory.

Rwanda says cutting diplomatic ties with Belgium, as EU announces sanctions

The conflict in Congo’s east is rooted in the fallout from Rwanda’s 1994 genocide and competition for mineral riches. It has spiralled since January, raising fears of a regional conflict akin to those between 1996-2003 that left millions dead.

“We have nothing more to lose. We will fight until our cause is heard,” Corneille Nangaa, leader of the Congo River Alliance (AFC) that includes M23, told Reuters on Thursday when asked about the group’s plans.

“We are defending ourselves. So if the threat continues to come from (DR Congo capital) Kinshasa, unfortunately, we will be forced to go and eliminate the threat because the Congo deserves better,” he said during an interview in Goma, eastern Congo’s main city.

“In the meantime, what happened in Doha, as long as we don’t know the details, and as long as it doesn’t solve our problems, we’ll say it doesn’t concern us.”

Rwanda has denied supporting M23 and said its military has been acting in self defence against Congo’s army and militias hostile to Kigali.

 (Reuters)

French alcohol consumption has dropped for three decades in a row. Its major export markets are contracting – China’s interest in the French wines hit its high five years ago and US President Donald Trump is threatening to continue his brutal tariffs regime on French-wine imports which he started in his first term.

Already last year, wine industry monitor portal Decanter observed that French wine exports are slumping and that wine region Bordeaux is struggling.

Enter Rosa, a wine consultant from Lagos in Nigeria, who runs a high-end wine consultancy in Bordeaux.

“Will you stop focusing on China? Will you stop focusing on the US?” she asks. “All of France’s marketing is concentrated on these places.”

Rosa, 49, started working in the wine industry in her home city in 2008, buying a wine shop.

She moved to Bordeaux in 2015 with her French husband, creating the Bordeaux Business Network and, more importantly, ‘Vines by Rosa’, a wine marketing, export and events business, of which she is the CEO. 

Today, she divides her time between France and Africa, spreading her knowledge of French wines at high-end events, hosting gala dinners that are attended by France’s top diplomats and members of local groups of entrepreneurs. 

Trump’s tariffs

Unlike many French wine and champagne producers, Rosa is not too worried about Trump’s threats of slamming 200 percent tariffs on wine and champagne products. 

The first Trump administration imposed a 25 percent tariff on French wine on 18 October 2019, as part of a broader trade dispute related to subsidies for the Airbus group, a major rival to US aircraft manufacturer Boeing. 

At the time, the tariffs significantly impacted French wine exports to the US, causing a substantial decline in imports, which dropped from $130 million in October 2019 to $57.1 million in November 2019.

At the end of that year, Trump threatened to impose another 100 percent, this time after the Office of the US Trade Representative published results of an investigation that concluded that France was discriminating against US tech companies.

These tariffs were never imposed. Incoming president Joe Biden cancelled Trump’s 25 percent, after which French exports grew again. 

But still, the 200 percent tariffs Trump is now toying with could prove catastrophic for the French wine industry. 

China’s slump

And then there is China.

Its potential 1.4 billion strong market has long been a magnet for French wine makers, who went there to create joint-ventures or exported their products.

Over the decades, France became the leading supplier of wine to China. But since 2018, China’s wine imports have been declining as a result of the sluggish economy, aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Is Chinese passion for French wine a threat to its future?

Meanwhile, in the 2022 book Le Vin, Le Rouge, La Chine (“Wine, Red, China”) by wine watcher Laurence Lemaire still counted 165 vineyards that were bought up by Chinese investors, 153 of which in the Bordeaux region alone, which shipped much of their produce back to China to high-end users happy to enjoy an imported glass of Bordeaux.

But this number is declining fast with many Chinese investors currently withdrawing from the Bordeaux region due to lack of profitability.

In December last year, the wine magazine Wein Plus reported that Chinese investors are fleeing Bordeaux, and that 50 chateaux left by them are now for sale. 

Ignored

But Rosa thinks French wine exporters have to think out of the box.

It’s time to find alternatives, she says, in countries such as Brazil, India and Africa. 

“These are places that were ignored by the Bordeaux wines in the past. It can’t be that way anymore,” she says. “You have to embrace every market possible, You cannot rely on the old.”

But there’s work to be done. In the past, Bordeaux wines depended solely on their name, assuming that the brand “Bordeaux” would guarantee good sales.

But, according to Rosa, attitudes have changed, and the Bordelais are more engaged into marketing, and selling the brand.

But that may be not enough. 

“I don’t believe you can sell the product to people, just because you think you are the best,” she says. She urges wine sellers who want to enter the African market to hop in a plane and travel there in person. 

“You meet the people. You need to learn the taste of the people. Then you fine-tune yourself to their taste. And when you’re making wine, whether you like it or not, it will affect your decisions about how you make the wine that you want to sell there.”

In her native Nigeria, she already sees that French wine is growing in popularity, even in the face of stiff competition from South African wines, and, more importantly, beer. 

“Beer will always be number one in Nigeria,” says Rosa. “We are in a hot climate, people want something refreshing.

“But wine is getting there, we have about 20 percent of our wine being sold in Nigeria, and every year there’s an increase,” she says. 

Backed by Rwanda, the M23 armed group has swept through the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, taking two regional capitals.

It is the latest escalation in an area that has long been victim of a patchwork of armed actors scrambling for dominance over the region’s vast resources of coltan, gold, tin and tungsten.

Numerous countries have been drawn in over the years, including peacekeepers from southern and eastern Africa trying to support the flailing Congolese military, and Burundian forces protecting their border.

Uganda has played a particularly complex role.

In 2021, it launched Operation Shujaa, deploying troops with the DRC‘s consent to Ituri and North Kivu provinces — ostensibly to clear the area of the Allied Democratic Forces, a Ugandan militia with links to the Islamic State jihadist group.

But it has gone a step further in recent weeks, increasing its presence nearly in tandem with the M23’s advances further south.

Last month, Uganda said it had “taken control” of security in the Ituri provincial capital, Bunia.

“Uganda’s attitude remains ambiguous,” Kristof Titeca, an East Africa expert at the University of Antwerp, told AFP.

“It is difficult to know how its attitude towards Kinshasa, Kigali and the M23 will evolve.”

DRC mineral contract with China slammed by NGOs citing ‘major losses’

‘Buffer zone’

Uganda is primarily concerned with security but also has economic interests, experts say.

It wants “a buffer zone” to protect itself from the Islamist militia and the general chaos emanating out of eastern DRC, a diplomat specialising in the Great Lakes region told AFP on condition of anonymity.

But it also wants to ensure “a bigger market for Uganda and for Ugandan products”, said Phillip Apuuli Kasaija, a politics professor at Makerere University in Kampala.

He said Uganda was making vast sums by taking Congolese gold that was then “labelled… and exported as Ugandan”.

“For the last three years, Uganda’s gold exports have gone through the roof,” he said.

Uganda-based refiners have denied dealing in smuggled gold and the government last year tightened gold trading regulations, saying it wanted to curb smuggling.

In January, Ugandan army spokesman Felix Kulayigye openly called for more roads — the “veins of business” — in eastern Congo.

The border is also the site of a massive oil exploration project in Lake Albert between Uganda, the French firm TotalEnergies and the China National Offshore Oil Corporation.

Envy of Uganda’s economic advances in the DRC may even have spurred Rwanda’s support for the M23, with it feeling marginalised and “seeing its interests threatened”, according to a research paper by groups linked to New York University last year.

Long road for DRC as it renegotiates minerals deal with China

Politics is personal

Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, in power since 1986, has spent years building a complex web of personal relationships with neighbours to project his country’s status as a regional power and his own as an elder statesman.

He intervened in two Congo wars, in 1996-1997 and 1998-2003, and during last decade’s civil war in South Sudan, where his army says it has again deployed special forces in recent days.

A former rebel fighter himself, Museveni’s feelings towards the M23 are unclear.

In 2024, UN experts claimed Ugandan intelligence had provided “active support” to the M23, including rear operating bases on its territory.

The Great Lakes diplomat said there was “ethnic sympathy” between Museveni’s Bahima community and the Tutsis who make up the majority of the M23.

There is also Museveni’s “mentor-like, big-brother” relationship with Rwandan President Paul Kagame, who fought with the future Ugandan leader during the bush wars of the 1980s, the diplomat said.

Even if that relationship has proven combative over the years, Museveni’s son, the unpredictable army chief Muhoozi Kainerugaba, is a bombastically vocal supporter of Kagame, and has referred to the M23 as “brothers”.

Although Museveni deployed troops to the DRC with the consent of President Felix Tshisekedi, the Congolese leader could hardly refuse, according to the diplomat.

And Museveni made it clear in February that Ugandan soldiers would not fight M23: “Our presence in Congo, therefore, has nothing to do with fighting the M23 rebels.”

As the diplomat noted: “Tshisekedi is not fooled, he knows that the ‘old man’ can easily play a double game.”

Sudan top the pool with 10 points after three wins and a draw. Senegal, the 2021 African champions, lie in third spot, two points behind following Democratic Republic of Congo’s 1-0 win on Friday night over South Sudan.

“Morale is good,” said Senegal boss Pape Thiaw. “We’re talking about a place in the World Cup. So every match is a final. We’re also on a run of two World Cups in a row and our ambition is to follow that up with a third. We’ll be pulling out all the stops to win.”

Senegal face Togo on Tuesday evening , while Sudan take on South Sudan and DRC face Mauritania.

“Absolutely nothing will be easy,” added Thiaw who took over as head coach last December following Aliou Cissé’s nine-year reign.

“But we are prepared. Our players understand the importance of what is at stake for our football, for our country and for themselves.”

On Friday night, African champions Côte d’Ivoire took command of Group F with a 1-0 win over Burundi. Evann Guessand scored the only goal of the game in the 16th minute to put Emerse Faé’s men on 13 points, one ahead of Gabon.

In Group I, Ghana thrashed bottom-of-the-table Chad 5-0. Antoine Semenyo got the hosts off to a perfect start in Accra with a goal in the second minute.

Inaki Williams doubled the advantage on the half hour mark and Jordan Ayew converted a penalty six minutes later to impose control on the encounter.

After the pause, Mohammed Salisu and Ernest Nuamah added the gloss.

Launch

In Group C, Nigeria rebooted their campaign with a 2-0 win over pacesetters Rwanda.

Star striker Victor Osimhen hit both goals in the first-half at the Amahoro Stadium in Kigali to successfully launch Eric Chelle’s reign as coach.

It was Nigeria’s first win in the qualifiers and took them to fourth on six points – four behind the new group leaders South Africa who beat Lesotho 2-0.

Relebohile Mofokeng and Jayden Adams scored midway through the second-half to secure the points.

Coach Hugo Broos said his players were showing they had learned their lessons from the surge to the bronze medal at the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations.

“You see that development in a game like this,” said hte 71-year-old Belgian. “When what you see isn’t beautiful, you have to fight and that is what we did and we have the three points which is what we like to have.

“We are first in the group. This is a good situation.”

The Fano militia fought alongside the army and Eritrean forces in a two-year civil war that pitted Addis Ababa against the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), which controls the northern region of Tigray.

Since then Eritrea and Ethiopia have fallen out, the former was excluded from peace talks to end that war in November 2022.

Fears of a new war emerged in recent weeks after Eritrea reportedly ordered a nationwide military mobilisation and Ethiopia deployed troops toward their border.

30 years young: Eritrea reaches a milestone but struggles with legacy of its past

Fighting between Ethiopia’s army and Fano – a loose collection of militias with no centralised leadership – broke out in July 2023, fuelled in part by a sense of betrayal among many Amharas about the terms of the 2022 peace deal.

The army said in a statement on Friday: “The extremist group calling itself Fano…carried out attacks in various (zones) of the Amhara region under the name of Operation Unity, and has been destroyed.”

It said 317 Fano fighters were killed and 125 injured.

Abebe Fantahun, spokesperson of Amhara Fano in Wollo Bete-Amhara, contradicted the tally, telling Reuters late on Friday the army had not killed even 30 of their fighters.

Yohannes Nigusu, spokesperson for Fano in Gondar, Amhara region, said 602 federal army soldiers were killed in the fighting and 430 wounded, while 98 soldiers had been captured and weapons had been seized by the militia.

Abebe also described as a “lie” the national army’s claim that Brigadier General Migbey Haile, a senior military official allied with one of TPLF‘s factions, supported Fano’s Operation Unity and denied he had any links to the militia.

Reuters was unable to independently verify the number of those killed in the fighting.

A year after the ceasefire in Tigray, Ethiopia is little closer to peace

Getnet Adane, the army spokesperson, and Legesse Tulu, the federal government spokesperson, did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the toll shared by Fano.

Amanuel Assefa, a senior official in Debretsion Gebremichael’s faction of the TPLF Migbey belongs to, did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

 (Reuters)

For 117 years, line judges – under the aegis of the chair umpire – have called the shots at the various tennis competitions held at courts around Monaco’s capital that morphed into the Monte Carlo Masters.

But when the 118th edition begins on 5 April, the chair umpire will be working without human companions. Instead, they will ensure accuracy using Electronic Line Calling (ELC) Live – a system that employs cameras and fibre optics.

The change comes as the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), the global governing body for men’s international circuit, aims for consistency at tournaments across the world.

“We hung on to the umpire in the chair and the linesmen and women for as long as we could do,” David Massey, tournament director of the Monte Carlo Masters, told RFI. “We are the oldest clay court tournament in the world and we hung on. But the ATP imposed ELC Live on us and we are embracing that.”

Massey added: “We recognise that the players are looking for the best possible form of of officiating. There’s a lot of fibre and there’s a lot of connectivity between all the different suppliers in ELC Live. We’re working to make sure that it is all installed in the right way.”

The human element

The revamp will end often fractious interludes where a player – often to the accompaniment of whistling and jeering from the crowd – contests the call and the umpire descends from their chair to peer and gesticulate at a particular spot among an array of blotches on the clay where the ball may or may not have bounced.

“It should, in essence, deliver a really fair, consistent outcome,” said Massey. “And I think the players are looking for that side of things where it is just and there is no longer human error.”

Massey, who took over as tournament director in 2023, admitted that he enjoyed the friction of those moments that will now be lost to technology.

“I thought the drama of the umpire coming down was actually part of the sport, even though you really don’t want to have it. But we’re embracing ELC Live because it is the future. I will miss the line umpires. I think that they brought a sort of human element to it. But at the same time, you can’t blame the tour for trying to advance the level of officiating.”

‘A well-tested system’

ELC Live was first trialled on the hard court at the Next Gen ATP Finals in 2017 in Milan. The system gained further traction at tournaments during the Covid-19 pandemic when social distancing measures were in place.

In April 2023, the ATP announced that ELC Live would be used in its tournaments from 2025.

ATP chief Andrea Gaudenzi hailed the decision as a landmark moment for tennis. “It is not one we’ve reached without careful consideration,” said the former top 20 player.

“Tradition is core to tennis and line judges have played an important part in the game over the years. That said, we have a responsibility to embrace innovation and new technologies.”

ELC Live was used for the first time on a clay court at the Argentina Open in Buenos Aires between 8 and 16 February.

It was also deployed at the Rio Open a week later. “Those events went very, very smoothly,” added Massey. “I think it’s a proven and well-tested system. So hopefully it’s going to be really much more of the same for us.”

Monte Carlo will be the first of the clay court tournaments offering 1,000 ranking points to the winner to use the gadgetry. The Madrid Masters and the Italian Open will follow suit with ELC Live in April and May.

Stefanos Tsitsipas, who won a third title in 2024 in Monte Carlo, is expected to defend his crown at one of the most prestigious tournaments on the circuit, after the four Grand Slam events in Melbourne, Paris, London and New York.

Former champions Novak Djokovic and Andrey Rublev are also scheduled to feature.

“Players love coming to clay after going through a hard court season,” said Massey. “They come to Monte Carlo looking forward to that change of surface. It kind of changes things up again because there are the clay court specialists. I know that they love that element.”

“Our forces completely destroyed the enemy’s fighters and equipment, and seized large quantities of equipment and weapons,” army spokesman Nabil Abdallah said in a statement broadcast on state television.

Abdallah vowed the army would “continue to progress on all fronts until victory is complete and every inch of our country is purged of the militia and its supporters”.

On social media, soldiers shared videos appearing to be inside the presidential palace, exchanging congratulations. AFP could not immediately verify the footage.

Paramilitary fighters overran the palace in April 2023, when war broke out between the RSF and the army.

At the time, the RSF swiftly took control of Khartoum‘s streets, with the army-aligned government fleeing to Port Sudan on the Red Sea coast.

Central Khartoum, where the presidential palace stands alongside ministries and the capital’s business district, has seen fierce fighting in recent months, after army troops surged through the city.

Earlier this week, the army said its forces had merged from the north and south, hemming in the RSF.

Sudan clashes intensify as army reinforcements arrive and paramilitaries hold the palace

Blow to the RSF

“With the army entering the Republican Palace, which means control of central Khartoum, the militia has lost its elite forces,” a military expert told AFP, requesting anonymity for their safety.

The paramilitary had stationed its elite forces and stored ammunition in the former seat of government and symbol of Sudan‘s state sovereignty, according to military sources.

“Now the army has destroyed equipment, killed a number of their forces and seized control of one of its most important supply centres in Khartoum,” the expert continued.

In recent months, the army has appeared to turn the tide of the war, first advancing in central Sudan to reclaim territory before shifting focus to Khartoum.

In January, it broke an almost two-year RSF siege of the General Command headquarters, allowing troops to merge with other battalions and encircle the RSF in the city centre.

“What remained of RSF militias have fled into some buildings” in central Khartoum, a military source told AFP, requesting anonymity because they were not authorised to speak to the media.

Nearly two years of war has killed tens of thousands, displaced over 12 million, and triggered the world’s largest hunger and displacement crises.

The travel industry was scrambling to reroute passengers and fix battered airline schedules after the huge fire at an electrical substation serving the airport.

Some flights had resumed on Friday evening, but the shuttering of the world’s fifth-busiest airport for most of the day left tens of thousands searching for scarce hotel rooms and replacement seats while airlines tried to return jets and crew to bases.

Teams were working across the airport to support passengers affected by the outage, a Heathrow spokesperson said in an emailed statement.

“We have hundreds of additional colleagues on hand in our terminals and we have added flights to today’s schedule to facilitate an extra 10,000 passengers travelling through the airport,” the spokesperson said.

The travel industry, facing the prospect of a financial hit costing tens of millions of pounds and a likely fight over who should pay, questioned how such crucial infrastructure could fail without backup.

“It is a clear planning failure by the airport,” said Willie Walsh, head of global airlines body IATA, who, as former head of British Airways, has for years been a fierce critic of the crowded hub.

The airport had been due to handle 1,351 flights on Friday, flying up to 291,000 passengers, but planes were diverted to other airports in Britain and across Europe, while many long-haul flights returned to their point of departure.

Heathrow Chief Executive Thomas Woldbye said he expected the airport to be back “in full operation” on Saturday.

Asked who would pay for the disruption, he said there were “procedures in place”, adding “we don’t have liabilities in place for incidents like this”.

Restrictions on overnight flights were temporarily lifted by Britain’s Department of Transport to ease congestion, but British Airways chief executive Sean Doyle said the closure was set to have a “huge impact on all of our customers flying with us over the coming days.”

Virgin Atlantic said it expected to operate “a near full schedule” with limited cancellations on Saturday but that the situation remained dynamic and all flights would be kept under continuous review.

Airlines including JetBlue, American Airlines, Air Canada, Air India, Delta Air Lines, Qantas, United Airlines, British Airways and Virgin were diverted or returned to their origin airports in the wake of the closure, according to data from flight analytics firm Cirium.

Shares in many airlines fell on Friday.

Aviation experts said the last time European airports experienced disruption on such a large scale was the 2010 Icelandic volcanic ash cloud that grounded some 100,000 flights.

They warned that some passengers forced to land in Europe may have to stay in transit lounges if they lack the paperwork to leave the airport.

Prices at hotels around Heathrow jumped, with booking sites offering rooms for 500 pounds ($645), roughly five times the normal price levels.

Police said after an initial assessment, they were not treating the incident at the power substation as suspicious, although enquiries remained ongoing. London Fire Brigade said its investigations would focus on the electrical distribution equipment.

Heathrow and London’s other major airports have been hit by other outages in recent years, most recently by an automated gate failure and an air traffic system meltdown, both in 2023.

 (Reuters)

Their cases are passed between institutions and the process can take months. In the meantime, they risk sleeping rough, being arrested or even deported before a final decision is made.

The recent police eviction of hundreds of youths occupying a Paris theatre has thrown a spotlight on this national challenge.

“We are not criminals, nor drug addicts. The only thing we are asking for is shelter, education and access to health. How can this be bad for France?” said Hamadou, a 16-year-old from Guinea who was among those evicted.

Each year, around 8,000 undocumented migrant minors arrive in Paris alone. Only about 2,500 are officially recognised as underage and immediately taken into care, according to Mayor Anne Hidalgo.

For those caught in administrative limbo, options are limited. Some, like Hamadou and 500 others, occupied La Gaîté Lyrique theatre in central Paris from 10 December 2023, before being forcibly removed by police on 18 March.

“I was so frightened, I could not find any sleep that night, before the police evicted us,” Hamadou told RFI.

“The policemen, a hundred of them, looked like they were geared up for war with their shields, helmets and batons. Up till the last minute, I was convinced that they would never use force, that the Paris municipality will come to the rescue with news of lodgings for us.”

Most of the youths at Gaîté Lyrique come from former French colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many find themselves in a paradox: French law guarantees protection for unaccompanied minors under the International Convention on the Rights of the Child – but proving they qualify for that protection is increasingly difficult.

The X-ray bone examination is hardly ever carried out nowadays, the age assessment tests is mainly through interviews.

“This is problematic for us because it is not based on scientific evidence and it looks like the interviewer can decide whatever they choose to believe,” Hamadou said.

A hot potato

Mohamed Gnabaly, mayor of Ile-Saint-Denis and member of the Green party, told RFI that the Gaîté Lyrique case shows how different institutions bounce responsibility back and forth.

“It is fine as long as they remain invisible. The unaccompanied migrant minors became a problem because they were a sore sight right in the centre of the capital city,” he said.

“And this fed the racist speech we heard about them within both the ranks of the government and the far-right.”

Fousseni, from the Belleville park youth group which helped organise the occupation, said the delays and lack of shelter push the minors into impossible choices.

“By the time many have built up their case while trying not to get arrested, they have already reached 18,” he said.

The Municipality of Paris brought the case to court in January. A court then issued an order on 13 February for the theatre to be evacuated within one month. When the city failed to act by the deadline, police chief Laurent Nunes said he had to intervene.

“The Municipality of Paris [owner of the theatre] did not contact me by 13 March. I had to take my responsibilities and put an end to this occupation which was disrupting public order,” Nunes said on the TV programme C à vous.

“The Municipality of Paris asked for details on what accommodation would be given to the young people and how they were to be treated,” he added. “This to me implicitly meant that the Municipality of Paris did not want security forces to intervene.”

Caught in the clash

On 18 March, riot police used batons and tear gas to enter the theatre, pushing past human chains formed by activists, civilians and politicians.

“This show of force and attacking vulnerable black migrant minors is the first step of the military discourse the government and the far-right is currently using,” Danièle Obono, an MP from the left-leaning France Unbound party, told RFI.

Police evict migrants from Paris theatre after months-long occupation

Belleville parc youth group reported that around 60 people were arrested, including minors and adult supporters. Ten were injured. So far, 25 minors have been issued deportation orders – a move the group says violates their legal rights.

“This is illegal because they are minors and are currently being processed by the ministry of Justice to prove that they are under 18,” said Fousseni. “They cannot be thrown out of the French territory like used tissue papers.”

Differing perspectives

Government officials say the situation is not as clear-cut. Minister François-Noël Buffet told parliament that the youths were mostly over 18. The government and far-right groups blamed them for damage and losses to neighbouring businesses.

Mayor Hidalgo defended the eviction, saying the situation had become unsafe.

“There are around 8,000 young undocumented migrants who arrive in Paris every year. Approximately 2,500 of them are recognised as minors and are immediately taken care of,” she told France Inter.

“The situation was tensed, dangerous and very complicated.”

Hidalgo said accommodation had been offered, but turned down.

Fousseni said the offer was in Rouen – too far from Paris, where most of the young people are enrolled in school, receiving healthcare and attending legal appointments. Only six accepted the placement.

Billionaire Elon Musk commented on the case on X, writing: “Another case of suicidal empathy… it will end civilization. Game over.” He later added, “They’re exploiting a bug in Western civilisation which is the empathy response.”

Uncertain future

For Hamadou, the eviction had immediate consequences.

“I couldn’t breathe. I escaped with only the clothes I am now wearing,” he said. His suitcase, containing all the documents gathered to prove his age, was lost in the chaos.

Now, he and others like him try not to sleep in the same place twice, fearing police checks. They depend on charities for food.

“The greatest danger they now face is police violence,” said Fousseni. “Police in Paris are preventing the unaccompanied migrants to sleep in the streets of the city. They are being pushed to the outskirts of Paris.”

La Gaîté Lyrique management had supported the occupation at first, despite cancelling shows and taking financial losses.

“It is out of question to throw them out in the streets where it is freezing cold. We regret, however that we were taken over so suddenly,” it said in a communiqué last December.

The theatre later criticised the lack of coordination between the Paris Municipality and the national government, which left the minors in limbo for three months.

For thousands of unaccompanied minors across France, the system remains opaque, slow and unforgiving – and the stakes are growing by the day.

Ordinarily, little disturbs the peace of the white continent – inhabited only temporarily, by the scientists and support staff who come and go to work at its various research stations.

When news emerged this week that a member of a South African research team at one of Antarctica’s remote bases has been put under psychological evaluation after allegedly assaulting and threatening colleagues – who sent an email to authorities pleading to be rescued – it served to highlight the fragility of that peace.

A few weeks prior, another visit acted as a reminder of the cooperation and collaboration required when it comes to the continent – around the world, far removed from its bases, as well as inside them.

On 3 January, Chile’s President Gabriel Boric reached the American Amundsen-Scott station – the first leader in the Americas to visit the South Pole.

It was a visit Boric said reaffirmed Chile’s claim to sovereignty over part of the Antarctic, reminding the rest of the world that his country remains “the world’s main gateway to Antarctica”.

In defence of international agreements over the continent, he added that it “is and must remain a continent of science and peace”.

It was a trip that “fits President Boric’s profile well,” his compatriot Miguel Salazar, who has a doctorate in political science and international relations from Science Po Paris and has written a thesis on the Antarctic, told RFI.

He recounted that in 2023, Boric accompanied UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres to King George Island, 120km off the coast of Antarctica, where there is a Chilean air base. He also adds that Boric hails from Punta Arenas in the Magallanes region, the southernmost of the American continent.

“He had a natural connection, I’d say, and wanted to demonstrate Chile’s ability to reach the pole, quite simply,” said Salazar. “At the same time, he reinforced the doctrine promoted by Santiago since the middle of the 20th century. It’s a country that collaborates and contributes, but which claims part of the Antarctic territory by tradition. What I find interesting is that the visit took place within a framework of cooperation. Going to the South Pole is something you never do completely independently.”

Flagship agreements

Alongside Argentina, Australia, France, Norway, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, Chile stakes a claim in Antarctica – claims not recognised by the United States and most other countries. 

Chile’s claim is based on the historical inheritance of the Spanish Governorate of Terra Australis, which was transferred to the Governorate of Chile in 1555 – what had belonged to Madrid would revert to Santiago.

But Salazar insists that Chile’s mindset is “completely collaborative”, explaining: “Chile is positioning itself as a logistical and scientific hub. It is planning to build an Antarctic centre in Punta Arenas, a large building in the shape of an iceberg.”

The idea is to provide a platform so that “20 or 25 percent” of the world’s Antarctic programmes can one day operate from this city. The Chileans want to be “useful to research” – and not just their own, he says.

Ice loss and plant growth mark new era for warming Antarctica

The Antarctic Treaty, which came into force in 1961, was the result of collaboration between 12 nations whose scientists had been working in and around these territories during the International Geophysical Year, an international scientific project of 1957 to 1958 – Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR. The signatories now number 58, including Russia.

Article 1 of the treaty states that Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only. Articles 2 and 3 specify that freedom of scientific investigation on the continent and “cooperation toward that end shall continue” and that “scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available”.

While neither the US nor Russia have made any territorial claims, but maintain a basis for claims against the seven “possessor” states, Article 4 of the text freezes the 1959 situation in this respect, stating: “No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica shall be asserted while the present treaty is in force.”

However, there is another, newer agreement just as essential to understanding the recent statements by the Chilean president: the Madrid Protocol, which was signed in 1991 and came into force in 1998. It supplements the 1959 text by prohibiting any activity relating to mineral resources other than those carried out “for scientific purposes” and stating that any activity must be “subject to a prior environmental impact assessment”.

Law researcher Anne Choquet of the University of Brest is also vice-president of the French National Committee for Arctic and Antarctic Research (CNFRA). She recounts the adoption of the Madrid Protocol: “It was a response to the non-entry into force of the Wellington Convention, adopted in 1988, which provided a mechanism for considering the exploitation of mineral resources. France and Australia opposed its entry into force, and we subsequently looked for another approach.”

Some believe that it will be possible to revisit this point in 2048, half a century after the Protocol was ratified. In reality, that’s not the issue, says Choquet: “It’s true that in 1991, the [signatory] states said to themselves that such a statement was perhaps too ambitious, and that one day we might need to go and see, explore and exploit mineral resources. So they provided a way out.”

But right now, she added, we could very well “consider lifting the ban”. However, this would require “a consensus among the states that have voting rights, the consultative parties, of which there are currently 29, and a legal system that strictly regulates activities, particularly in environmental matters”.

Such a move would take place within the framework of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting – an annual congress at which every decision is made by consensus. “After 2048,” said Choquet, “it will be possible for a state with voting rights to say that it would like to open negotiations on lifting the ban, but under very specific conditions.”

In summary, unless all these major treaties are broken, where today the approval of 29 parties is needed, 26 will be needed after 2048 – “the 26 who were consultative parties in 1991”.

Fragile riches

In the eyes of glaciologist Éric Rignot, from a scientific point of view Antarctica is “the most important place on the planet”. The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of continental ice on Earth. Its ecosystems concern us all, but are still poorly understood. 

Antarctica’s southern regions are essential to glaciology, climate and geology, and home to a wildlife population that is consistently high on the agenda at the annual Consultative Meeting. For example: “There is currently a difficult discussion about penguins becoming a specially protected species,” explained Choquet. “They deserve greater protection because of the threats they face.”

But according to her, it is preferable to adopt an “ecosystem approach” rather than “species by species” because “unbalancing one species has consequences for all the others”. This principle was adopted, for example, by the 1980 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.

No chance of saving global glaciers as melt rate goes ‘off the charts’

Salazar uses a theory from sociology to illustrate this: the “actor-network theory”. By this theory, everything, including humans and non-humans, can be viewed as “actors” that form networks, and agency emerges from these complex, interconnected relationships rather than being solely a human attribute. Applying this theory, if whales eat krill, for example, then in order to protect whales we need to find ways of protecting krill.

Salazar also gives the example of the Antarctic toothfish: “In the early 2000s, we organised ourselves to protect it after a serious crisis of overexploitation, around two species, Dissostichus eleginoides and Dissostichus mawsoni, large fish that can measure two metres and live for 50 years. In France, Europe, the United States etc, they have enormous gastronomic value and were in danger of disappearing. And yet they are essential predators in the trophic chain.”

In addition to the involvement of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, an intergovernmental organisation, the establishment of rules has also been made possible by NGOs, says Salazar, notably the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition.

There have been attempts to link the Antarctic treaties with other agreements, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora – a move backed by Australia, but which did not pan out. However, this suggestion did lead to the establishment of two Marine Protected Areas around the Antarctic continent – at the South Orkney Islands, and the Ross Sea.

“Other areas have been proposed by France, the EU, New Zealand and recently Chile and Argentina,” said Salazar. But these have been “blocked by China and Russia” – states whose stances sometimes raise questions. In 2024, the US magazine Newsweek revealed that Moscow had told London that one of its Antarctic exploration vessels had discovered a large quantity of oil at sea – “around 511 billion barrels worth of oil, equating to around 10 times the North Sea’s output over the last 50 years”.

Newsweek reported: “According to documents discussed in UK parliament last week, the discovery was made by Russian research ships in the Weddell Sea, which falls under the UK’s claim in Antarctic territory. That claim overlaps with those of Chile and Argentina. Despite having no territorial claims in Antarctica, Russia, along with the US and China, has been gradually escalating its presence in the region in recent years through various scientific campaigns, establishing five research stations in the territory since 1957.”

In reality, according to Choquet, all the states, including Russia, continue to demonstrate their commitment to banning activities relating to mineral resources. In a resolution in 2023, she notes, they not only reiterated their continuing commitment to this imperative, but even asked governments to “undertake to dispel the myth” that the Treaty or the Protocol would expire “either in 2048 or at any other time”.

China, a contentious player

China is the latest arrival on the continent – present since the 1980s and relying heavily on its links with Latin America for its activities. With its icebreakers Xuelong 1 and 2, it has led some 40 expeditions there.

It has also surrounded the Franco-Italian base Concordia with five scientific stations of its own, the last of which was inaugurated last year. However, Choquet insists: “Having more stations doesn’t mean more weight in decision-making, because decisions are taken by consensus.”

Construction of China’s fifth base in the Antarctic worries west

“When it became a state involved in decision-making, China was really collaborative and participative when it came to protection projects. In recent years, however, it has become more contentious,” notes Salazar.

Their technique is to challenge studies, such as those carried out by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, prior to projects. “China always finds a small point, makes a remark… and that stops everything.”

Is there any guarantee that countries will comply with requirements on their stations in the middle of the desert? “There are inspections,” says Salazar, “and everything has always gone well.” However, these inspections are announced well in advance.

And what of Donald Trump and his territorial ambitions? While he has made contentious statements concerning the sovereignty of Greenland – the second largest body of ice in the world – he is yet to make any earth-shattering statements about Antarctica.

The American president has his eyes firmly on the Far North, and on catching up with his fleet of icebreakers against the Russians. “The United States has always had the same attitude towards Antarctica,” points out Salazar. “It’s a very important player, always committed to protecting the continent and working together. To take a different path would contradict its entire history.”

Thanks to Starlink – the satellite internet service owned by Trump’s right-hand man Elon Musk – surfing the internet from low latitudes has never been easier – good news for scientists, as well as for increasing numbers of tourists to the region.

“As far as I’m concerned,” says Salazar, “this [tourism boom] shouldn’t be happening. We’re talking about the only region where the human species doesn’t exist, where it’s not adapted. Every time someone goes there, they bring invasive species and micro-organisms.”

He also points out that the tourism sector is made up of private, competitive companies. “I’ve seen prices of $15,000 for five days on a comfortable boat, with a glass of Champagne. It’s the elites, or people who sacrifice a lot of resources, who go there.”

“I’m often asked whether I’m in favour of a total ban on tourism in Antarctica,” says Choquet. “That would be an admission that we are not capable of managing, and it would be very complicated from a legal point of view.” Instead, she favours a stricter framework, with “a responsible approach from all players”. But once again, it’s all a question of unanimity.

This article was adapted from the original version n French.

Hello everyone! Welcome to The Sound Kitchen weekly podcast, published every Saturday – here on our website, or wherever you get your podcasts. You’ll hear the winner’s names announced and the week’s quiz question, along with all the other ingredients you’ve grown accustomed to: your letters and essays, “On This Day”, quirky facts and news, interviews, and great music … so be sure and listen every week.

Erwan and I are busy cooking up special shows with your music requests, so get them in! Send your music requests to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr Tell us why you like the piece of music, too – it makes it more interesting for us all!

Facebook: Be sure to send your photos to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr for the RFI English Listeners Forum banner!

More tech news: Did you know we have a YouTube channel? Just go to YouTube and write “RFI English” in the search bar, and there we are! Be sure to subscribe to see all our videos.

Would you like to learn French? RFI is here to help you!

Our website “Le Français facile avec RFI” has news broadcasts in slow, simple French, as well as bilingual radio dramas (with real actors!) and exercises to practice what you have heard.

Go to our website and get started! At the top of the page, click on “Test level”. According to your score, you’ll be counselled to the best-suited activities for your level.

Do not give up! As Lidwien van Dixhoorn, the head of “Le Français facile” service told me: “Bathe your ears in the sound of the language, and eventually, you’ll get it.” She should know – Lidwien is Dutch and came to France hardly able to say “bonjour” and now she heads this key RFI department – so stick with it!

Be sure you check out our wonderful podcasts!

In addition to the news articles on our site, with in-depth analysis of current affairs in France and across the globe, we have several podcasts that will leave you hungry for more.

There’s Spotlight on France, Spotlight on Africa, The International Report, and of course, The Sound Kitchen. We also have an award-winning bilingual series – an old-time radio show, with actors (!) to help you learn French, called Les voisins du 12 bis. 

Remember, podcasts are radio, too! As you see, sound is still quite present in the RFI English service. Please keep checking our website for updates on the latest from our journalists. You never know what we’ll surprise you with!

To listen to our podcasts from your PC, go to our website; you’ll see “Podcasts” at the top of the page. You can either listen directly or subscribe and receive them directly on your mobile phone.

To listen to our podcasts from your mobile phone, slide through the tabs just under the lead article (the first tab is “Headline News”) until you see “Podcasts”, and choose your show. 

Teachers take note! I save postcards and stamps from all over the world to send to you for your students. If you would like stamps and postcards for your students, just write and let me know. The address is english.service@rfi.fr  If you would like to donate stamps and postcards, feel free! Our address is listed below. 

Another idea for your students: Br. Gerald Muller, my beloved music teacher from St. Edward’s University in Austin, Texas, has been writing books for young adults in his retirement – and they are free! There is a volume of biographies of painters and musicians called Gentle Giants, and an excellent biography of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., too. They are also a good way to help you improve your English – that’s how I worked on my French, reading books that were meant for young readers – and I guarantee you, it’s a good method for improving your language skills. To get Br. Gerald’s free books, click here.

Independent RFI English Clubs: Be sure to always include Audrey Iattoni (audrey.iattoni@rfi.fr) from our Listener Relations department in your RFI Club correspondence. Remember to copy me (thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr) when you write to her so that I know what is going on, too. N.B.: You do not need to send her your quiz answers! Email overload!

This week’s quiz: On 22 February, I asked you a question about the French sculptress Camille Claudel. That week, after an incredible find, her lost-for-over-100-years sculpture The Mature Age was sold at auction for 3.1 million euros.

You were to re-read our article “Claudel bronze sculpture found by chance fetches €3 million at France auction”, and send in the answer to this question: Aside from The Mature Age, what are the other names of Claudel’s sculpture?

The answer is: To quote our article: “Also known as Destiny, The Path of Life, or Fatality, the work was originally a commission from the state but was never completed.”

In addition to the quiz question, there was the bonus question, suggested by Mogire Machuki from Kissi, Kenya: “What is the one thing you can’t do without?”

Do you have a bonus question idea? Send it to us!

The winners are: Amir Jameel, the president of the RFI Online Visitors Club in Sahiwal, Pakistan. Amir is also the winner of this week’s bonus question. Congratulations, Amir, on your double win !

Also on the list of lucky winners this week are Sultan Sarkar, president of the Shetu RFI Fan Club in Naogaon, Bangladesh; Muhammed Raiyan, a member of the RFI International DX Radio Listeners Club in Murshidabad, India as well as Sharifun Islam Nitu, a member of the RFI Amour Fan Club in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Last but not least, RFI Listeners Club member Jayanta Chakrabarty from New Delhi, India.

Congratulations, winners!

Here’s the music you heard on this week’s programme: The first movement from Antonin Dvořák’s String Quartet No. 12 in F major, Op. 96, (“American”), performed by the Cleveland Quartet; “First Sextet” from the film Claudel scored by Gabriel Yared; “The Flight of the Bumblebee” by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov; “The Cakewalk” from Children’s Corner by Claude Debussy, performed by the composer, and “La Mauvaise Reputation” by Georges Brassens, performed by the composer.

Do you have a music request? Send it to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr

This week’s question … you must listen to the show to participate. After you’ve listened to the show, re-read Paul Myers’ article “Zimbabwe’s aspiring Olympics supremo Coventry targets development of athletes”, which will help you with the answer.

You have until 14 April to enter this week’s quiz; the winners will be announced on the 19 April podcast. When you enter, be sure to send your postal address with your answer, and if you have one, your RFI Listeners Club membership number.

Send your answers to:

english.service@rfi.fr

or

Susan Owensby

RFI – The Sound Kitchen

80, rue Camille Desmoulins

92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux

France

Click here to learn how to win a special Sound Kitchen prize.

Click here to find out how you can become a member of the RFI Listeners Club, or form your own official RFI Club.   

The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) warned that the actual death toll is likely much higher, as many deaths go undocumented due to a lack of official sources.

“The tragedy of the growing number of migrant deaths worldwide is both unacceptable and preventable. Behind every number is a human being, someone for whom the loss is devastating,” said IOM deputy director general for operations Ugochi Daniels in a press release.

“The increase in deaths across so many regions in the world shows why we need an international, holistic response that can prevent further tragic loss of life.”

Five-year upward trend

The 2024 figure continues a five-year trend of rising migrant deaths. It surpasses the previous record of 8,747 deaths recorded in 2023.

Asia recorded the highest regional toll with 2,778 deaths, followed by Africa with 2,242. The IOM documented 2,452 deaths in the Mediterranean Sea. Although not a record, the number remains high.

The agency said: “The figures showed the need for adequate search and rescue systems as well as the need for safe and regular migration routes.”

Data for the Americas is not yet complete, but at least 1,233 deaths were reported there in 2024. That includes 341 people who died in the Caribbean – an unprecedented number – and a record 174 deaths in the Darién jungle between Panama and Colombia.

Police evict migrants from Paris theatre after months-long occupation

Violence a major cause

Since 2022, at least 10 percent of all recorded migrant deaths have been due to violence. In 2024, this was largely linked to violence against people in transit in Asia. Nearly 600 people died on migration routes across South and South-Eastern Asia.

The IOM said most of the victims remain unidentified, leaving families without answers and hindering efforts to respond to the crisis.

“The rise in deaths is terrible in and of itself, but the fact that thousands remain unidentified each year is even more tragic,” said Julia Black, coordinator of the IOM’s Missing Migrants Project.

“Beyond the despair and unresolved questions faced by families who have lost a loved one, the lack of more complete data on risks faced by migrants hinders life-saving responses.”

Call for global response

The IOM is calling for an international response to address the growing number of deaths.

Its upcoming annual report will provide further analysis of the data from 2024, as well as a new focus on missing migrants in humanitarian crises.

The agency said the rising death toll highlights the need for safe, legal routes for people on the move. It described them as the only sustainable solution to the crisis of migrant deaths.

Five of the last six years have seen the most rapid glacier retreat on record, the UN’s World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) said, on its inaugural World Day for Glaciers.

“Preservation of glaciers is a not just an environmental, economic and societal necessity: it’s a matter of survival,” said WMO chief Celeste Saulo.

“From 2022 to 2024, we saw the largest three-year loss of glaciers on record,” she said, adding that the worst year was 2023.

Together, “all 19 glacier regions lost 450 billion tonnes of mass,” the WMO said, citing new data from the Swiss-based World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS).

Beyond the continental ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, more than 275,000 glaciers worldwide cover approximately 700,000 square kilometres, said the WMO. But they are rapidly shrinking due to climate change.

Why climate change is heating Europe faster than the rest of the world

Until now, scientists had counted only 220,000 glaciers. “This doesn’t mean that new glaciers have appeared, it means that the new inventory is much more detailed,” French glaciologist Etienne Berthier told RFI.

A specialist in the spatial analysis of glaciers at the Legos laboratory at the University of Toulouse, he says technology has vastly improved monitoring systems.

“We now have very high-resolution space instruments, on the order of 50 centimetres, which provide much more detail in this inventory of glaciers based on satellite images. We can therefore better see each small glacier, or those that deserve to be separated in two because they have different behaviours,” he explained.

According to a study published in the scientific journal Nature on 19 February, approximately 273 billion tonnes of ice melted each year between 2000 and 2023.

This is like emptying “the equivalent of three Olympic-sized swimming pools per second,” warned the European Space Agency project Glambie, which authored the study.

Berthier points out that Europe, the fastest-warming continent, lost 39 percent of its glacier volume between 2000 and 2023. In 2021 and 2023 alone, Swiss glaciers lost 10 percent of their mass, the same amount lost between 1960 and 1990.

As Arctic climate warms, even Santa runs short of snow

“Melting accelerated and became widespread in the 1990s due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Each decade, mass losses are greater. In the Alps, it is estimated that between 1 percent and 10 to 15 percent of glacier volume will remain in 2100, depending on the scenario,” he explained.

“In the Pyrenees, we have been losing one glacier per year since 2000. Around 10 remain, which are expected to disappear in the next 10 to 15 years,” he said.

Based on a compilation of worldwide observations, the WGMS estimates that glaciers – not including the continental ice sheets – have lost more than 9,000 billion tonnes since records began in 1975.

“This is equivalent to a huge ice block of the size of Germany, with a thickness of 25 metres,” said WGMS director Michael Zemp.

However, the rate of loss is not the same around the globe.

Glacier mass loss was relatively moderate last year in regions such as the Canadian Arctic and the peripheral glaciers of Greenland – while glaciers in Scandinavia, Norway’s Svalbard archipelago and North Asia experienced their worst year on record.

At current rates of melting, many glaciers in western Canada and the United States, Scandinavia, central Europe, the Caucasus and New Zealand “will not survive the 21st century,” said the WMO.

The agency said that together with ice sheets, glaciers store around 70 percent of the world’s freshwater resources, with high mountain regions acting like the world’s water towers. If they were to disappear, this would threaten water supplies for millions of people downstream.

No chance of saving global glaciers as melt rate goes ‘off the charts’

Another issue is rising sea levels, which saw an increase of 1.8 cm between 2000 and 2023.

A rise of at least 30 to 60cm is projected by the end of the century, according to the European Union’s observation programme Copernicus, which will affect hundreds of millions of people living in coastal areas.

For the UN, the only possible effective response is to combat global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

“We can negotiate many things in the end, but we cannot negotiate physical laws like the melting point of ice,” said Stefan Uhlenbrook, the WMO’s water and cryosphere director.

“Ignoring the problem” of climate change “is maybe convenient for a short period of time,” he said, but “that will not help us to get closer to a solution”.

After double-digit growth in the last few years, including throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, organic food is in free fall in France.

“During Covid we reached 12 to 15 percent of our sales in organic, but then after Covid, people were more cautious about their food spending, so it has dropped,” Pierre Gratacos, operations director for Cardell, an apple producer in south-western France, explained at the recent Paris international agricultural show, where he was showcasing the company’s organic Juliet apples.

During the pandemic people cooked at home more and spent more money on food, but as leisure activities resumed and rising inflation started to impact prices, the cost of buying organic has become a sticking point.

More about how organic farmers are dealing with the drop in consumer demand in the Spotlight on France podcast:

“People have less money to spend on food, so they usually buy less,” said Gratacos, explaining that organic apples are more expensive to grow because the trees yield less fruit.

“Because the method of growing is a bit more demanding, so there are fewer apples in one organic tree than in a normal tree, and if you grow fewer apples, you need to sell them at a higher price,” he explained.

With increased costs for packing added, the company’s organic apples are 25 to 30 percent more expensive than conventionally grown ones.

Convincing the middlemen

However, Gratacos believes consumers would be willing to pay more, with the right information.

“They are OK about buying more expensive apples if they’re organic,” he said. “I think the end consumers are ready, but the middle buyers are not ready and are not really educated about it.”

The middle buyers are the middlemen who buy produce wholesale and resell it to grocery chains, where the bulk of food is purchased.

Today, just 6 percent of food consumed in France is organic, according to the Agence Bio, the agency supported by the agriculture ministry which promotes organic production.

This drop in demand means farmers have less of a market to sell to, which has led them to question their business models.

In 2023, France had around 61,000 organic farms – 14.4 percent of the total number – which were working on 10.4 percent of the country’s agricultural land.

That was a drop of 1.3 percent from the previous year and, according to the chamber of agriculture, the number of farmers converting to organic dropped by 30 percent.

Organic aspirations

Those in the organic sector say this drop impacts everyone, as half of all France’s farmers are set to retire in the next 10 years, and newcomers to the sector are particularly interested in organic

“We have a lot of aspiring farmers, and they want to become organic farmers,” said Philippe Camburet, president of the National Organic Agriculture Federation. “If we do not allow them to go into organic farming, they will not go into this profession.”

Setting up any agricultural enterprise requires significant investment. Conventional farms need to sign contracts with pesticide and fertiliser suppliers and are under pressure to produce.

“They don’t want this,” Camburet says of new farmers. “This is not the agriculture that makes you dream. What makes you dream is what has meaning.”

French PM Bayrou says more must be done to support farmers

But ideals only go so far, and without the consumer demand, people are hesitant to go into organic farming.

“Some people who want to get installed in organic agriculture think a little bit more, and they sometimes hesitate to go into this field,” says Vincent Kraus, co-founder of Fermes en Vie (“Farms alive”), an organisation which raises investor funds to provide new farmers with land to start out as organic farmers.

“They really want to do things differently, and are interested in other ways to produce,” he says of the farmers he works with.

Agriculture and environment

He and others had hoped that the long-delayed agricultural reform law that was passed in March to address the grievances raised by farmers in protests in the winter of 2024, would provide more support to organic farmers.

Environmentalists and politicians on the left have criticised the law for backtracking on environmental commitments, with articles loosening rules on pesticides and land usage.

“I was expecting the pragmatic guidelines that make sense for future generations,” Camburet said. “Unfortunately, that is really not at all the case.”

The text of the law states that agriculture is a “major national interest”, essential to the French economy. It goes on to define food sovereignty as not only the capacity to produce enough food to feed the French population, but also to support France’s exports to “contribute to global food security”.

“The agricultural industry wants to be on the world market, to compete with others, who are much bigger than we are,” Camburet said. “What we must do is take a different path. Why should we continue to go big, exhausting ourselves, and exhausting our economy, our environment and our health?”

Linking farm and plate

This law maintains France’s ambition to reach 21 percent organic agriculture by 2030 – a target that had been removed in the right-leaning Senate version of the text, but which was later reinstated.

The Senate argued that there was no point in setting targets if consumer demand was not there.

EU ramps up support for farmers with agricultural policy overhaul

Laure Verdot, director of the Agence Bio – which the senators had also wanted to cut – agrees with this to some extent, but says that the goal should instead be to change consumer demands.

“It’s not enough to declare an objective of the number of hectares of organic in the fields,” she said “We must have ambitions for organic consumers.”

The agency has launched a campaign to promote organic food to the general public.

“We must absolutely make the link between our consumption, on our plates, and the farmers in the field,” Verdot said. “If we want to be able to draw in farmers who want to go organic, we must make room for them on our plates.”

To hear more on the state of organic farming in France, on the Spotlight on France podcast, episode 125, listen here.

Imamoglu’s opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP) has denounced the detention as a “coup” and vowed to keep up the demonstrations, which by Thursday night had spread to at least 32 of Turkey’s 81 provinces, according to a count by French news agency AFP.

Opposition leader Ozgur Ozel told supporters: “This is not the time for politics in rooms and halls but on the streets and squares.”

Imamoglu was arrested in a pre-dawn raid on Wednesday, on corruption and terror charges, ahead of his expected election on Sunday as the CHP’s candidate for Turkey’s presidential elections in 2028. 

According to political analyst Mesut Yegen of the Reform Institute, an Istanbul-based think tank, Imamoglu is more than just a mayor. 

“Imamoglu is now [Erdogan’s] main rival, it’s obvious,” Yegen told RFI, adding that as Istanbul‘s mayor he has a unique opportunity. “Istanbul is important for the resources it has, it’s the biggest municipality. Here in Turkey, municipalities are important to finance politics.”

Popular appeal

Opinion polls give Imamoglu – who defeated Erdogan’s AK party three times in mayoral elections – a double-digit lead over Erdogan. This is because he is widely seen as reaching beyond his secular political base to religious voters, nationalists and Turkey’s large Kurdish constituency. 

Some observers see Imamoglu’s arrest as a sign that Erdogan is reluctant to confront the mayor in presidential elections.

“If Erdogan could beat him politically with regular rules, he would love that. But he cannot be doing that. Erdogan wants to take him out of the political sphere one way or the other,” explained Sezin Oney, a commentator on Turkey‘s independent Politikyol news outlet. 

“The competitive side has started to be too much of a headache for the presidency, so they want to get rid of the competitive side and emphasise the authoritarian side, with Imamoglu as the prime target,” she said.

Erdogan’s local election defeat reshapes Turkey’s political landscape

Turkey’s justice minister Yilmaz Tunc has angrily rejected claims that Imamoglu’s prosecution is politically motivated, insisting the judiciary is independent. 

Erdogan sought to play down the protests, saying on Friday that Turkey “will not surrender to street terror” and discouraged any further demonstrations.

“We, as a party and individuals, have no time to waste on the opposition’s theatrics. We are focused on our work and our goals,” Erdogan declared. 

Imamoglu’s arrest comes as Turkey’s crisis-ridden economy took another hit, with significant falls on the stock market and its currency falling by more than 10 percent as international investors fled the Turkish market.

‘Out of sight, out of mind’

However, Oney suggests Erdogan will be banking on a combination of fear and apathy eventually leading to the protests dissipating, and that Imamoglu, like other imprisoned political figures in Turkey, will be marginalised.

“The government is counting on the possibility that once Imamoglu is out of sight, [he will be] out of mind,” she predicts. “So he will just be forgotten, and the presidency will have its way [more easily].”

Turkey is no stranger to jailing politicians, even leaders of political parties. However, Oney warns that with Imamoglu facing a long prison sentence if convicted, the significance of such a move should not be underestimated.

“It’s going to be extremely detrimental to Turkish democracy. You have jailing of politicians, but someone on the scale of Imamoglu will be unique,” she said.

Despite Imamoglu’s detention, the CHP vowed it would press ahead with its primary on Sunday, at which it would formally nominate him as its candidate for the 2028 race.

The party said it would open the process to anyone who wanted to vote, not just party members, saying: “Come to the ballot box and say ‘no’ to the coup attempt!”

Observers said the government could seek to block the primary, to prevent a further show of support for Imamgolu.

Hello everyone! Welcome to The Sound Kitchen weekly podcast, published every Saturday – here on our website, or wherever you get your podcasts. You’ll hear the winner’s names announced and the week’s quiz question, along with all the other ingredients you’ve grown accustomed to: your letters and essays, “On This Day”, quirky facts and news, interviews, and great music … so be sure and listen every week.

Erwan and I are busy cooking up special shows with your music requests, so get them in! Send your music requests to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr Tell us why you like the piece of music, too – it makes it more interesting for us all!

Facebook: Be sure to send your photos to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr for the RFI English Listeners Forum banner!

More tech news: Did you know we have a YouTube channel? Just go to YouTube and write “RFI English” in the search bar, and there we are! Be sure to subscribe to see all our videos.

Would you like to learn French? RFI is here to help you!

Our website “Le Français facile avec RFI” has news broadcasts in slow, simple French, as well as bilingual radio dramas (with real actors!) and exercises to practice what you have heard.

Go to our website and get started! At the top of the page, click on “Test level”. According to your score, you’ll be counselled to the best-suited activities for your level.

Do not give up! As Lidwien van Dixhoorn, the head of “Le Français facile” service told me: “Bathe your ears in the sound of the language, and eventually, you’ll get it.” She should know – Lidwien is Dutch and came to France hardly able to say “bonjour” and now she heads this key RFI department – so stick with it!

Be sure you check out our wonderful podcasts!

In addition to the news articles on our site, with in-depth analysis of current affairs in France and across the globe, we have several podcasts that will leave you hungry for more.

There’s Spotlight on France, Spotlight on Africa, The International Report, and of course, The Sound Kitchen. We also have an award-winning bilingual series – an old-time radio show, with actors (!) to help you learn French, called Les voisins du 12 bis. 

Remember, podcasts are radio, too! As you see, sound is still quite present in the RFI English service. Please keep checking our website for updates on the latest from our journalists. You never know what we’ll surprise you with!

To listen to our podcasts from your PC, go to our website; you’ll see “Podcasts” at the top of the page. You can either listen directly or subscribe and receive them directly on your mobile phone.

To listen to our podcasts from your mobile phone, slide through the tabs just under the lead article (the first tab is “Headline News”) until you see “Podcasts”, and choose your show. 

Teachers take note! I save postcards and stamps from all over the world to send to you for your students. If you would like stamps and postcards for your students, just write and let me know. The address is english.service@rfi.fr  If you would like to donate stamps and postcards, feel free! Our address is listed below. 

Another idea for your students: Br. Gerald Muller, my beloved music teacher from St. Edward’s University in Austin, Texas, has been writing books for young adults in his retirement – and they are free! There is a volume of biographies of painters and musicians called Gentle Giants, and an excellent biography of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., too. They are also a good way to help you improve your English – that’s how I worked on my French, reading books that were meant for young readers – and I guarantee you, it’s a good method for improving your language skills. To get Br. Gerald’s free books, click here.

Independent RFI English Clubs: Be sure to always include Audrey Iattoni (audrey.iattoni@rfi.fr) from our Listener Relations department in your RFI Club correspondence. Remember to copy me (thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr) when you write to her so that I know what is going on, too. N.B.: You do not need to send her your quiz answers! Email overload!

This week’s quiz: On 22 February, I asked you a question about the French sculptress Camille Claudel. That week, after an incredible find, her lost-for-over-100-years sculpture The Mature Age was sold at auction for 3.1 million euros.

You were to re-read our article “Claudel bronze sculpture found by chance fetches €3 million at France auction”, and send in the answer to this question: Aside from The Mature Age, what are the other names of Claudel’s sculpture?

The answer is: To quote our article: “Also known as Destiny, The Path of Life, or Fatality, the work was originally a commission from the state but was never completed.”

In addition to the quiz question, there was the bonus question, suggested by Mogire Machuki from Kissi, Kenya: “What is the one thing you can’t do without?”

Do you have a bonus question idea? Send it to us!

The winners are: Amir Jameel, the president of the RFI Online Visitors Club in Sahiwal, Pakistan. Amir is also the winner of this week’s bonus question. Congratulations, Amir, on your double win !

Also on the list of lucky winners this week are Sultan Sarkar, president of the Shetu RFI Fan Club in Naogaon, Bangladesh; Muhammed Raiyan, a member of the RFI International DX Radio Listeners Club in Murshidabad, India as well as Sharifun Islam Nitu, a member of the RFI Amour Fan Club in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Last but not least, RFI Listeners Club member Jayanta Chakrabarty from New Delhi, India.

Congratulations, winners!

Here’s the music you heard on this week’s programme: The first movement from Antonin Dvořák’s String Quartet No. 12 in F major, Op. 96, (“American”), performed by the Cleveland Quartet; “First Sextet” from the film Claudel scored by Gabriel Yared; “The Flight of the Bumblebee” by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov; “The Cakewalk” from Children’s Corner by Claude Debussy, performed by the composer, and “La Mauvaise Reputation” by Georges Brassens, performed by the composer.

Do you have a music request? Send it to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr

This week’s question … you must listen to the show to participate. After you’ve listened to the show, re-read Paul Myers’ article “Zimbabwe’s aspiring Olympics supremo Coventry targets development of athletes”, which will help you with the answer.

You have until 14 April to enter this week’s quiz; the winners will be announced on the 19 April podcast. When you enter, be sure to send your postal address with your answer, and if you have one, your RFI Listeners Club membership number.

Send your answers to:

english.service@rfi.fr

or

Susan Owensby

RFI – The Sound Kitchen

80, rue Camille Desmoulins

92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux

France

Click here to learn how to win a special Sound Kitchen prize.

Click here to find out how you can become a member of the RFI Listeners Club, or form your own official RFI Club.   

Since the start of the year, the president of the United States, Donald Trump, has moved to drastically cut the country’s long-term aid commitments, aiming to save approximately $60 billion on overseas development and humanitarian assistance programmes.

The United Kingdom has also announced a deep cut in its budget for emergency and development aid, which it says it needs to do to develop its defence strategy. Other European countries have indicated that they might do the same.

France launches commission to evaluate overseas aid, amid far-right criticism

These decisions are already impacting emergency aid systems in many countries, including Sudan and Congo, as well as public health initiatives in nations such as Kenya and South Africa.

Sudan reels as US suspends aid amid ongoing war

Spotlight on Africa reached out to three experts involved in rethinking the future of aid.

Jeffrey Okoro is the executive director of the NGO CFK Africa in Kenya. He said that since the decision of the US government to freeze US Agency for International Development (USAID) spending in January, Kenyans working in healthcare have been hit hard. The decision has already disrupted efforts to stop the spread of diseases like HIV and tuberculosis.

“A sizeable portion of the Kenyan government funding for health counselling comes from international organisations from foreign governments,” Okoro told RFI from his office in Kenya.

US grant cuts could affect two million worldwide, disrupt HIV aid in Kenya

Meanwhile, Ivor Ichikowitz, chairman of the philanthropic Ichikowitz Family Foundation, based in Johannesburg, which focuses on growth and development across the African continent, says that the decrease in aid and the rise of European investment, as discussed at a conference in South Africa recently, could, in fact, have positive results.

EU flags stronger partnership with South Africa with €4.7bn investment

We also  talk to Patrick Gathara, a Kenyan columnist and senior editor at The New Humanitarian, a website covering conflicts and humanitarian issues. He argues that the aid industry has long reinforced imperial domination, and its collapse could create an opportunity to establish a new order. He explains how.

Episode mixed by Erwan Rome.

Spotlight on Africa is produced by Radio France Internationale’s English language service.

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s already strong support for the militant group Hamas has strained relations with Israel.

Now, Syria is threatening to become a focal point of tension.

Earlier this month, Erdogan issued a widely interpreted warning to Israel to stop undermining Damascus’s new rulers.

“Those who hope to benefit from the instability of Syria by provoking ethnic and religious divisions should know that they will not achieve their goals,” Erdogan declared at a meeting of ambassadors.

Erdogan’s speech followed Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s offer to support Syria’s Druze and Kurdish minorities.

“We will not allow our enemies in Lebanon and Syria to grow,” Netanyahu told the Knesset. “At the same time, we extend our hand to our Druze and Kurdish allies.”

Gallia Lindenstrauss, an Israeli foreign policy specialist at the Institute for National Security Studies in Tel Aviv told RFI that Israel view is not very optimistic about the future of Syria, and sees it as a potential threat to Israel.

Success of rebel groups in Syria advances Turkish agenda

“The fact that Turkey will be dominant in Syria is also dangerous for Israel,” adds Lindenstrauss.

“Turkey could build bases inside Syria and establish air defences there. This would limit Israel’s room for manoeuvre and could pose a threat. Israel wants to avoid this and should therefore adopt a hard-line approach.”

Deepening rivalry

Ankara and Jerusalem’s deepening rivalry is shaping conflicting visions for the future of Syria.

Selin Nasi, a visiting fellow at the London School of Economics’ Contemporary Turkish Studies Department, “Turkey wants to see a secure and stabilised unitary state under Ahmad al-Sharaa’s transitional government.

“Israel, on the other hand, wants to see a weak and fragmented Syria. Its main concern has always been securing its northern border,” added Nasi.

Israeli forces are occupying Syrian territory along their shared northern border, which is home to much of Syria’s Druze minority.

However, Israeli hopes of drawing Syria’s Kurds away from Damascus suffered a setback when the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), which controls part of Syria, signed an agreement on 10 March to merge part of its operations with Syria’s transitional government.

Mutual distrust

As Damascus consolidates control, analysts suggest Israel will be increasingly concerned about Turkey expanding its military presence inside Syria.

“If Turkey establishes military posts in the south of the country, close to the Israeli border, presumably with the permission of the government in Damascus,” warns Soli Ozel, a lecturer in international relations at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna, “then the two sides would be in close proximity, with military forces on both sides. That, I believe, would create a highly dangerous, volatile, and incendiary situation.”

As Erdogan celebrates Turkish role in ousting Assad, uncertainty lies ahead

Analysts warn that if Turkey extends its military presence to include airbases, this could threaten Israel’s currently unchallenged access to Syrian airspace.

However, some observers believe that opportunities for cooperation may still exist.

“Things can change,” says Israeli security analyst Lindenstrauss.

“Israel and Turkey could resume cooperation and potentially contribute to Syria’s reconstruction in a way that does not threaten Israel. However, this does not appear to be the path the Erdogan regime is currently taking, nor does it seem to be the direction chosen by Netanyahu and his government.”

With Erdogan and Netanyahu making little secret of their mutual distrust, analysts warn that their rivalry is likely to spill over into Syria, further complicating the country’s transition from the Assad regime.

Hello everyone! Welcome to The Sound Kitchen weekly podcast, published every Saturday – here on our website, or wherever you get your podcasts. You’ll hear the winner’s names announced and the week’s quiz question, along with all the other ingredients you’ve grown accustomed to: your letters and essays, “On This Day”, quirky facts and news, interviews, and great music … so be sure and listen every week.

Erwan and I are busy cooking up special shows with your music requests, so get them in! Send your music requests to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr Tell us why you like the piece of music, too – it makes it more interesting for us all!

Facebook: Be sure to send your photos to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr for the RFI English Listeners Forum banner!

More tech news: Did you know we have a YouTube channel? Just go to YouTube and write “RFI English” in the search bar, and there we are! Be sure to subscribe to see all our videos.

Would you like to learn French? RFI is here to help you!

Our website “Le Français facile avec RFI” has news broadcasts in slow, simple French, as well as bilingual radio dramas (with real actors!) and exercises to practice what you have heard.

Go to our website and get started! At the top of the page, click on “Test level”. According to your score, you’ll be counselled to the best-suited activities for your level.

Do not give up! As Lidwien van Dixhoorn, the head of “Le Français facile” service told me: “Bathe your ears in the sound of the language, and eventually, you’ll get it.” She should know – Lidwien is Dutch and came to France hardly able to say “bonjour” and now she heads this key RFI department – so stick with it!

Be sure you check out our wonderful podcasts!

In addition to the news articles on our site, with in-depth analysis of current affairs in France and across the globe, we have several podcasts that will leave you hungry for more.

There’s Spotlight on France, Spotlight on Africa, The International Report, and of course, The Sound Kitchen. We also have an award-winning bilingual series – an old-time radio show, with actors (!) to help you learn French, called Les voisins du 12 bis. 

Remember, podcasts are radio, too! As you see, sound is still quite present in the RFI English service. Please keep checking our website for updates on the latest from our journalists. You never know what we’ll surprise you with!

To listen to our podcasts from your PC, go to our website; you’ll see “Podcasts” at the top of the page. You can either listen directly or subscribe and receive them directly on your mobile phone.

To listen to our podcasts from your mobile phone, slide through the tabs just under the lead article (the first tab is “Headline News”) until you see “Podcasts”, and choose your show. 

Teachers take note! I save postcards and stamps from all over the world to send to you for your students. If you would like stamps and postcards for your students, just write and let me know. The address is english.service@rfi.fr  If you would like to donate stamps and postcards, feel free! Our address is listed below. 

Another idea for your students: Br. Gerald Muller, my beloved music teacher from St. Edward’s University in Austin, Texas, has been writing books for young adults in his retirement – and they are free! There is a volume of biographies of painters and musicians called Gentle Giants, and an excellent biography of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., too. They are also a good way to help you improve your English – that’s how I worked on my French, reading books that were meant for young readers – and I guarantee you, it’s a good method for improving your language skills. To get Br. Gerald’s free books, click here.

Independent RFI English Clubs: Be sure to always include Audrey Iattoni (audrey.iattoni@rfi.fr) from our Listener Relations department in your RFI Club correspondence. Remember to copy me (thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr) when you write to her so that I know what is going on, too. N.B.: You do not need to send her your quiz answers! Email overload!

This week’s quiz: On 15 February, I asked you a question about Paul Myers’ article “Namibian independence leader Sam Nujoma dies aged 95”. Sam Nujoma was Namibia’s first democratically elected president; he led Namibia’s fight for independence from South Africa.

You were to send in the answer to this question: Namibians have just elected a new president, who will be inaugurated on the 21st of this month. What is the name of their president-elect? 

The answer is: Namibia’s president-elect is Dr. Ndemupelila Netumbo Nandi – Ndaitwah. Born in 1952, Dr. Nandi – Ndaitwah will be Namibia’s fifth president and the first woman to hold the position. 

Speaking of Sam Nujoma, she, as Paul wrote in his article: “… paid tribute to Nujoma’s visionary leadership as well as his dedication to liberation and nation-building. ‘It laid the foundation for our free, united nation,’ she added. ‘Let us honour his legacy by upholding resilience, solidarity, and selfless service.’”

In addition to the quiz question, there was the bonus question, suggested by Hans Verner Lollike from Hedehusene, Denmark: “Describe a cultural monument or a nature site in your country that is not known to the world at large.”

Do you have a bonus question idea? Send it to us!

The winners are: RFI English listener Debashis Gope from the Dakshin Dinajpur district in West Bengal, India.  Debashis is also this week’s bonus question winner. Congratulations, Debashis, on your double win !

Also on the list of lucky winners this week are Rasheed Naz, the chairman of the Naz Radio France Listeners Club in Faisal Abad, Pakistan; RFI Listeners Club member Father Steven Wara from Bamenda, Cameroon, and last but not least, two RFI English listeners from Bangladesh: Nargis Akter from Dhaka, and Sakila Musarrat from Chapainawabganj. 

Congratulations, winners!

Here’s the music you heard on this week’s programme: “Sari” by George Fenton and Tom Leach; “Gnawa Funk Rhythm”; “The Flight of the Bumblebee” by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov; “The Cakewalk” from Children’s Corner by Claude Debussy, performed by the composer, and “Mulatu” by Mulatu Astatke, performed by the composer and his ensemble.

Do you have a music request? Send it to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr

This week’s question … you must listen to the show to participate. 

After you’ve listened to the show, re-read our article “Macron hosts European military chiefs to discuss Ukraine security guarantees”, which will help you with the answer.

You have until 7 April to enter this week’s quiz; the winners will be announced on the 12 April podcast. When you enter, be sure to send your postal address with your answer, and if you have one, your RFI Listeners Club membership number.

Send your answers to:

english.service@rfi.fr

or

Susan Owensby

RFI – The Sound Kitchen

80, rue Camille Desmoulins

92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux

France

Click here to learn how to win a special Sound Kitchen prize.

Click here to find out how you can become a member of the RFI Listeners Club, or form your own official RFI Club.   

There are some explanations for France’s 22 percent gender pay gap – women work fewer hours on average and in lower-paid jobs. But even doing the same job and putting in the same hours, women still earn 4 percent less than men, and a barrage of legal measures hasn’t managed to change that. We look at what’s going on with economist Anne Eydoux and lawyer Insaff El Hassani – founder of a company helping women negotiate salaries. El Hassani highlights negative images around wealthy women and how France’s “female wage”, dropped in 1946, still impacts the way some employers view women’s salaries. (Listen @0′)

France has downsized its ambitions to increase the amount of organic agriculture after a drop in consumer demand for organic food . After years of growth, especially during the Covid pandemic, inflation and a distrust in labelling have turned consumers away from buying organic produce, even as new farmers are drawn to the prospect of working in a different way. At the recent annual agricultural fair in Paris, farmers and others working in the organic sector talk about how they are adapting to the new economic reality, and the need to raise awareness of the value of organic food, beyond the price tag. (Listen @17′)

France is marking the 150th anniversary of the birth of composer Maurice Ravel, whose most famous piece, Boléro, is considered an avant-garde musical expression of  the machine age. (Listen @9’50”)

Episode mixed by Cecile Pompeani. 

Spotlight on France is a podcast from Radio France International. Find us on rfienglish.com, Apple podcasts (link here), Spotify (link here) or your favourite podcast app (pod.link/1573769878).

Madhya Pradesh is often referred to as the Heart of India. Located right in the middle of the country, the Indian region shows everything India has to offer through its abundant diversity. The IFTM trade show, which took place in Paris at the end of September, presented the perfect opportunity for travel enthusiasts to discover the region.

Sheo Shekhar Shukla, Managing Director of Madhya Pradesh’s tourism board, sat down to explain his approach to sustainable tourism.

“Post-covid the whole world has known a shift in their approach when it comes to tourism. And all those discerning travelers want to have different kinds of experiences: something offbeat, something new, something which has not been explored before.”

Through its UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Shukla wants to showcase the deep history Madhya Pradesh has to offer.

“UNESCO is very actively supporting us and three of our sites are already World Heritage Sites. Sanchi is a very famous buddhist spiritual destination, Bhimbetka is a place where prehistoric rock shelters are still preserved, and Khajuraho is home to thousand year old temples with magnificent architecture.”

All in all, Shukla believes that there’s only one way forward for the industry: “Travelers must take sustainable tourism as a paradigm in order to take tourism to the next level.”

In partnership with Madhya Pradesh’s tourism board.

Also known as the Land of the Beautiful Islands, Malaysia’s landscape and cultural diversity is almost unmatched on the planet. Those qualities were all put on display at the Malaysian stand during the IFTM trade show.

Libra Hanif, director of Tourism Malaysia, explained the appeal of the country as well as the importance of promoting sustainable tourism today: “Sustainable travel is a major trend now, with the changes that are happening post-covid. People want to get close to nature, to get close to people. So Malaysia being a multicultural and diverse [country] with a lot of natural environments, we felt that it’s a good thing for us to promote Malaysia.”

Malaysia has also gained fame in recent years, through its numerous UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which include Kinabalu Park and the Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley.

Green mobility has also become an integral part of tourism in Malaysia, with an increasing number of people using bikes to discover the country: “If you are a little more adventurous, we have the mountain back trails where you can cut across gazetted trails to see the natural attractions and the wildlife that we have in Malaysia,” says Hanif. “If you are not that adventurous, you’ll be looking for relaxing cycling. We also have countryside spots, where you can see all the scenery in a relaxing session.”

With more than 25,000 visitors at this IFTM trade show this year, Malaysia’s tourism board got to showcase the best the country and its people have to offer.

In partnership with Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board. For more information about Malaysia, click here.