European Union foreign ministers approved the sanctions on seven entities, including Iran Air, and seven individuals, including deputy defence minister Seyed Hamzeh Ghalandari and senior officials of the Revolutionary Guards’ Quds Force, the bloc said.

Leading European powers Britain, France and Germany adopted similar sanctions last month over Iranian missile transfers to Russia, as did the United States.

European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen welcomed the adoption of the sanctions by the entire bloc, while adding: “More is needed.”

“The Iranian regime’s support to Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine is unacceptable and must stop,” she posted on social media.

Two other Iranian airlines, Saha Airlines and Mahan Air, were hit under the EU measures, along with two procurement firms blamed for the “transfer and supply, through transnational procurement networks, of Iran-made drones and related components and technologies to Russia”.

The sanctions also target two companies involved in the production of propellant used to launch rockets and missiles.

Those targeted are subject to an asset freeze and banned from travelling to the European Union.

Iran rejects Western accusations it has transferred missiles to Russia for use in Ukraine.

According to US Secretary of State Antony Blinken, dozens of Russian military personnel have received training in Iran on using the Fath-360 missile, which has a range of 120 kilometres.

‘Completely unacceptable’

On a separate issue, the EU’s foreign policy chief Josep Borrell denounced as “completely unacceptable” a series of Israeli attacks that have injured United Nations peacekeepers in southern Lebanon.

“The 27 (EU) members agreed on asking (the) Israelis to stop attacking UNIFIL,” Borrell told reporters ahead of a meeting of the bloc’s foreign ministers in Luxembourg. “It’s completely unacceptable attacking United Nations troops,” he said.

At least five peacekeepers have been wounded in recent days as Israel targets Iran-backed Hezbollah in southern Lebanon.

UNIFIL, a mission of about 9,500 troops of various nationalities created following Israel’s 1978 invasion of Lebanon, has accused the Israeli military of “deliberately” firing on its positions.

“Many European members are participating in this mission,” Borrell noted. “Their work is very important.”

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called on UN chief Antonio Guterres Sunday to move peacekeepers deployed in south Lebanon out of “harm’s way”, saying Hezbollah was using them as “human shields”.

UNIFIL has refused to leave its positions.

(with newswires)

“There will be a need for a new law,” government spokeswoman Maud Bregeon told broadcaster BFMTV on Sunday.

Prime Minister Michel Barnier‘s new government hopes the bill will be submitted to parliament at the beginning of 2025.

In September, a Paris student was raped and murdered in a case that has further inflamed a French debate on migration after a Moroccan man was named as the suspected attacker.

France’s interior minister vows to introduce new immigration ‘rules’ after student murder

In this new text, the government wants to extend the detention period for undocumented migrants deemed to be dangerous in order to better enforce expulsion orders.

Longer period of detention

One of the options under consideration is to increase the maximum period of detention from 90 to 210 days, which is now only possible for terrorist offences.

Last December, France already passed an immigration law.

Macron promulgates controversial new French immigration law

The bill was hardened to gain the support of the far-right and right-wing MPs.

But the country’s highest constitutional authority censured most of the new amendments which were dropped before President Emmanuel Macron signed it into law.

The measures struck down by the Conseil Constitutionnel “will serve as a basis for the new immigration bill”, said a government source. “Some of them could be modified and there will be additions.”

The most hardline member of the government, Interior Minister Bruno Retailleau, has vowed to crack down on immigration. He has stirred controversy just days into the job, saying that “the rule of law is neither intangible nor sacred”.

Retailleau, who previously headed the Republicans party in the Senate, was seen as the driving force behind the tough legislation last year.

He wants to reinstate the offense of illegal residence, among other measures.

On Monday, he told France Inter that “Nothing is off-limits, no taboos.”

‘Not a total priority’

Gabriel Attal, Barnier’s predecessor and now leader in parliament of Macron’s Renaissance party, said that a new law on immigration did not seem a “total priority.”

“Adopting a law for the sake of a law makes no sense,” he told broadcaster France inter.

He said “the priority is to act so that the state can truly control who enters and leaves” France.

(with AFP)

The Paris Saint-Germain striker opened the scoring in the 35th minute from the penalty spot after Wout Faes handled the ball in the penalty area.

It was a harsh blow for the hosts who had dominated play at the Koning Boudewijnstadion in Brussels and fluffed a penalty of their own following William Saliba’s ungainly lunge on Lois Openda midway through the first-half. 

To Saliba’s relief, Belgium skipper Youri Tielemans blasted his effort over the bar of France goalkeeper Mike Maignan.

But on the stroke of half-time, Openda atoned for Tielemans’ inaccuracy with a header past Maignan.

France emerged for the second period with more bite and intent. They pinned the Belgians back into their own half and took the lead when Kolo Muani headed Lucas Digne’s cross from the left wing past the Belgium goalkeeper Koen Casteels.

Aurélien Tchouaméni’s expulsion in the 76th minute for a second yellow card changed the the complexion of the tie as France tried to hold on to their advantage and Belgium pressed for the equaliser.

Solidity

Didier Deschamps’ men held on for the victory and need a point from their next match against Israel on 14 November to advance to the last eight.

“We really suffered at the end when we were down to 10 men,” said France defender Ibrahima Konaté.

“But the defence held firm and the goalkeeper made some key saves.

“We obviously need to improve the things that didn’t go well in this match but the most important thing to savour is the three points.”

Italy moved into the last eight from Group 2 in League A with a 4-1 romp past Israel at the Stadio Friuli in Udinese.

Mateo Retegui scored Italy’s first from the penalty spot just before half-time and Giovanni Di Lorenzo doubled the advantage just after the pause.

But Israel sewed doubt among the hosts when Mohammad Abu Fani halved the deficit midway through the second-half.

Davide Frattesi restored the two-goal advantage in the 72nd minute and Di Lorenzo added the gloss 11 minutes from time.

In September, at the start of the 2024-2025 school year, schools reported 110 incidents of students wearing religious clothing and ostentatious religious signs, compared to 838 the year before, Genetet said in an interview with the Tribune Dimanche on Sunday.

“The drop is clear,” she said of breaches to France’s rules on secularism, called laicite.

Just before the start of the 2023 school year, Gabriel Attal, in his first major announcement after being named Education Minister, had banned students from wearing loose-fitting, full-length robes known as abayas, worn by some Muslim women.

Top French court upholds ban on Muslim abaya robes in schools

Most students agreed not to wear them, but many decided to flout the rules.

However, Genetet attributes the drop in these incidents to training, pointing to 267,000 “education ministry agents”, including teachers, who have been trained in the importance of secularism.

Republican values

“Laïcité is under threat. It has enemies,” Genetet said, adding that she would like teachers to get more than the 36 hours of training they currently receive in laicite and the “values of the republic”.

Training also goes hand in hand with providing support to teachers on the ground faced with incidents of students refusing to take off headscarves or other religious symbols, she said, pointing to 4,000 teachers and other education ministry staff that received help last year.

Paty murder puts focus on role of teachers in passing on French values

She also indicated she would like the ministry to be able to press charges, which would “reinforce the protection that we owe to our teachers”.

On Monday, Genetet called on middle and high school teachers to hold a minute of silence in honour of Dominique Bernard and Samuel Paty, two teachers killed by jihadists.

(with AFP)

Teachers are free to hold the moment of silence when they want on Monday, according to the Education Ministry, which also said they could spend time during the week to “analyse and reflect with students” however they see fit. 

Bernard was stabbed to death in Arras, in northern France, las year by a former student of Chechen origin, who was on France’s terror watch list.

Paty, a history teacher, was stabbed, then beheaded by Abdoullakh Anzorov, a Russian refugee of Chechen origin three years earlier, on 16 October 2020, near his school in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, a western Paris suburb.

The 18-year-old radicalised Muslim, criticised Paty for showing caricatures of the Mohammed in class.

“Paying homage to [the teachers] is to keep their memories alive,” the Education Ministry said Monday on X.

Ceremonies

On Friday, the new Education Minister Anne Genetet said that teachers are free to evoke the anniversary of the 7 October attacks by Hamas in Israel.

“They have the educational resources at their disposal,” she said on RTL.

Genetet and several ministers were in Arras Sunday for a ceremony to mark the one-year anniversary of Bernard’s murder.

Later Monday she and Prime Minister Michel Barnier are expected to attend a ceremony in honour of Paty at his school in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, which is soon to be renamed in his honour.

(with AFP)

The 35-year-old, who played 109 times and scored 14 goals for her country, made her debut on 22 April 2009 in a friendly against Switzerland. Her last game came during the 2024 Paris Olympics.

“She can leave the French team with a legitimate sense of pride,” said Bonadei who took over from Hervé Renard in August. “Her longevity is testament to her considerable attachment to the team.

“Amandine has spent 20 years with the national team since her debut for the under-17 side in 2004. She has been through a lot with the French team. It hasn’t always been easy, but she’s never given up.”

Shortly after breaking into the national squad, Henry fell from favour for three years. But she returned to the team in 2013 for the European championships and became a mainstay of Philippe Bergeroo’s sides. 

Corinne Diacre anointed her captain when she was appointed team boss in 2017.

But after skippering the side at the 2019 women’s World Cup, Henry rowed with Diacre and criticised her methods in a notorious TV interview. A midfielder considered a generational talent was excluded from the national team until 2023 when Renard and Bonadei were drafted in to replace Diacre and steer the squad through the 2023 World Cup and the Olympic Games.

Commitment

Bonadei added: “Having worked with her over the last two years as Hervé’s assistant, I can testify to her commitment and professionalism. On behalf of all the French team staff, I’d like to thank her and say a big well done to her.”

Henry, who has been playing at the Mexican outfit Toluca since last month, announced her move on social media.

 “I’ve had the immense honour of wearing the France shirt, the pride of defending our colours with fervour and the happiness of sharing unforgettable moments with my team-mates,” she said.

 “After so many years of passion, challenges and unforgettable memories, it’s time for me to turn the page.”

Though she won no major international honours, she amassed 14 league titles, eight Coupe de France crowns and seven Champions League titles domestically with her French club Lyon.

During a year in the United States, she lifted the 2017 National Women’s Soccer League championship with the Portland Thorns.

“So many memories shared over all those years together,” said France striker Eugénie Le Sommer on social media. “Well done for your career in blue.”

France’s sports minister Gil Avérous also hailed the player on social media. “Thank you Amandine for everything you’ve contributed to women’s football and for inspiring so many young players! I wish you all the best in your future challenges.”

“Forever a legend of the French national team,” said the official Les Bleues account on X. “Thank you for everything you’ve contributed to Les Bleues, Amandine.”

On Thursday, Bonadei will name his squad of 23 players for the friendlies against Jamaica on 25 October at the Stade Bonal in Montbéliard in south-eastern France and four days later against Switzeralnd in Geneva.

The 30-year-old finished the 42km course in two hours, nine minutes and 56 seconds and dedicated her historic feat to her fellow Kenyan Kelvin Kiptum who died in a car accident last February in Kenya four months after setting a world record in the men’s race at the 2023 Chicago Marathon.

“I feel so great, I’m proud of myself,” said Chepngetich. “This is my dream that has come true. I’ve fought a lot. I have been thinking about the world record and I have fulfilled it.

“The world record has come back to Kenya and I dedicate this world record to Kelvin,” added Chepngetich who became the first woman to win the Chicago Marathon three times since its inception in 1977.

 “The weather was perfect and I was well prepared,” she said. “The world record was in my mind.”

 Ethiopian Sutume Kebede came second in two hours, 17 minutes and 32 seconds. Irine Cheptai from Kenya was third.

The 50,000 runners observed a moment of silence on the starting line in honour of Kiptum who set a mark of two hours and 35 seconds last October.

Organisers also handed out stickers displaying Kiptum’s time for the runners to put on their race bibs.

Inspiration

John Korir, who took the mens race, admitted that he used the memory of his compatriot as a source of motivation.

“I was thinking about Kelvin and I said: ‘Last year if he could run under two hours and one minute, why not me?’ So I had to believe in myself and try to do my best.”

Ethiopia takes double gold in Paris 2024 Marathon

Korir, 27, won his first major international competition in a personal best time of two hours, two minutes and 43 seconds.  “It was really nice to run my personal best and win in Chicago,” he added.

Ethiopia’s Mohamed Esa came second and Amos Kipruto from Kenya was third.

 The 48-year-old was arrested in Moscow in June and charged with gathering information on Russia’s military without being registered as a “foreign agent”.

Judge Natalya Cheprasova at Moscow’s Zamoskvoretsky district court ruled that Vinatier was guilty and sentenced him to three years in a penal colony, two years less than the maximum possible sentence, an AFP journalist in the courtroom heard.

Wearing jeans and a pale blue shirt, Vinatier looked grave but calm as the verdict was read. He was not allowed to speak to media.

His lawyer Pavel Mamonov told journalists: “We consider the sentence harsh and will definitely appeal.”

The Frenchman had acknowledged violating Russian law, saying he was unaware he should have registered as a “foreign agent”.

The prosecutor had requested a sentence of three years and three months, saying Vinatier “repented” but the case involved “significant threats connected to Russia’s security”.

Apology

Ahead of the verdict, Vinatier gave a final speech in Russian, even quoting the national poet, Alexander Pushkin.

“I agree with the charge fully. I fully admit guilt,” he told the court.

“I ask for a merciful and just sentence in the case,” he added, apologising to Russia for breaking the law as well as to his NGO and family.

Vinatier’s other lawyer Oleg Bessonov said the proposed sentence was “extremely harsh” and asked the judge to fine him instead.

French President Emmanuel Macron has demanded Vinatier’s release, saying the “propaganda” against him “does not match reality”.

Russia orders French researcher accused of spying held for six more months

When Vinatier’s trial opened a month ago, it was immediately postponed because the prosecutor said he needed time to adjust his position due to new developments.

Vinatier had claimed that he was unaware of the requirement to register under Russian law, which imposes heavy administrative burdens and criminal sanctions on those labelled as foreign agents.

The “foreign agent” law, which entered force in 2022 has been widely used to crack down on Kremlin critics but not usually foreign citizens.

‘I love Russia’

Initially, the charges raised concerns about a more serious accusation of espionage, which could carry a sentence of up to 20 years in prison.

The researcher, an expert on the post-Soviet Union, was working for the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD), a Swiss NGO focused on conflict prevention and mediation.

“I always wanted to adequately present the interest and position of Russia on international relations in my work,” Vinatier said at a hearing in July.

“I love Russia, my wife is Russian, my life is linked with Russia,” he told the court.

This case comes amid rising tensions between Moscow and Paris, with Russia accused of destabilising actions and disinformation in France, while France faces criticism for its increasing support of Ukraine.

(with newswires)

The cases in Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare and in the southern town of Mberengwa, were detected in a child who developed symptoms last month after travelling to South Africa, and in a 24-year-old man who became ill after traveling to Tanzania, the health ministry said in a statement, without identifying which variants had been recorded.

Both patients are recovering and contact tracing is underway, said the statement signed by Health Minister Douglas Mombeshora, who said the “situation is under control” and urged the public “not to panic”.

Neighbouring Zambia reported its first case last week, without disclosing the strain.

The health ministry reported Thursday that it had identified mpox in a 32-year-old Tanzanian man who arrived in Zambia in early September who developed symptoms in early October.

“Given the patient’s extensive travel history and interactions at multiple points in Zambia, there is heightened risk of local transmission and potential cross-border spread,” the health ministry said.

The World Health Organization declared mpox a global public health emergency for the second time in two years in August, following an outbreak of the viral infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo that has spread to neighbouring countries.

Nearly 30,000 suspected mpox cases have been reported in Africa so far this year, most of them in central but also in West Africa, with a few cases reported in Europe and Asia.

More than 800 people have died of the virus which typically causes flu-like symptoms and pus-filled lesions, is usually mild, but it can be deadly, especially in children.

(with Reuters)

A Malagasy business has been developing the porridge, prepared daily by local vendors, to avoid the irreversible cognitive and physical damage that malnutrition causes during the first 1,000 days of a child’s life.

In the heart of a poor neighbourhood in Madagascar’s capital, the familiar sound of a woman’s voice rings out at 6:30am: “Koba Aina-oooooo!” In Malagasy, that translates to “flour of life”. 

Six days a week, Tantely walks the streets carrying two five-kilogram thermoses of porridge. “It makes me happy to feed children. It’s a bit like they’re my own,” she says.  

Dozens of children run to her, holding metal bowls and spoons, eager for their breakfast. Tantely hands out portions in exchange for 500 ariary, or about 9 euro cents. 

“My job is to mix all the ingredients: peanuts, maize, rice, soy, sugar, minerals, calcium, vitamins and iron,” says Tantely. It takes about 45 minutes to cook.  

“Then I leave home at 6:15am so I can sell to workers and children before they head to school.” 

Why extinguishing Africa’s dirty cooking fuel crisis is a global priority

‘It keeps us full’

For many of her customers, this is the only nutritious meal they will eat all day.  

Suzanne has been waiting barefoot with her grandson.  

“We’ve been eating this for nine years,” she says. “It saves cooking … and most importantly, it keeps us full until noon.” 

Another local, Hasina, waits at her door each day for the seller to pass. Koba Aina has become part of her morning routine.  

“The only time we don’t eat it is when the seller doesn’t pass by,” she says.  

Changing the eating habits of these communities, however, wasn’t easy. It took at least five years for sellers like Tantely to convince families to switch from their traditional rice soup to Koba Aina. 

Through persistent awareness-raising, Tantley was able to break down misconceptions about the supposed nutritional benefits of rice soup. 

Now, some 42,000 children in Malagasy cities eat Koba Aina every day.

Is urgent reform of world’s food system still a side dish at climate talks?

Critical health issue

Nutri’Zaza, which has been distributing Koba Aina since 2013, says the flour addresses a critical public health issue. 

Founded to build on child nutrition projects, Nutri’Zaza reinvests profits to sustain its mission. The company also collaborates with NGOs and government agencies across Madagascar. 

“People are used to welfare programmes. But we took the opposite approach,” says Nutri’Zaza’s director, Mandresy Randriamiharisoa. 

“We took a gamble to monetise a public health service. If we explain the benefits of the product, that people are responsible for their own future and can invest in themselves, their children, and their future, then it could work. And it has worked.” 

While malnutrition in rural Madagascar has been the subject of much research, the problem in urban areas has received less attention.  

This is despite the fact chronic malnutrition is a severe issue in the cities of central Madagascar, including the capital.  

Nutri’Zaza hopes that by making its porridge widely available at an affordable price, stunted growth among children in Madagascar’s cities will be dramatically reduced, breaking the cycle of poverty that malnutrition perpetuates. 

This story was adapted from the original French version, reported by RFI correspondent Sarah Tétaud in Antananarivo.

What has been described as an “out of the ordinary” trial gets underway in the central French town of Châteauroux this Monday regarding dozens of children who were illegally entrusted by the ASE state social care service to foster facilities – which did not have the proper authorisation – between 2010 and 2017.

Some of the families even had their initial approval withdrawn, following convictions for sexual assault on minors, as revealed by investigative media outlet Médiapart.

In all, dozens of children were entrusted to the “Enfance et Bien-Être” association, where irregular “foster homes” were given compensation amounting to at least €630,000 over seven years. 

Some of the minors entrusted to the foster families have told of being exposed to various forms of violence, abuse, drug overdoses, forced labour and regular humiliation.

According to Jean Sannier, one of the civil parties’ lawyers: “Some of these children have been enslaved, and we were appalled when we discovered the extent of the case”.

At least five of the minors are expected to testify at the trial, which will take place in Châteauroux from 14 to 18 October.

• Six charged with human trafficking in court over drugs, manipulaton of minors to steal

• French authorities take down paedophile ring with at least 120 victims

Unprecedented abuse

According to the investigation, the affair broke out after one of the children, Mathias, was hospitalised for “a fall on his bike”, but refused to return to his tormentor’s home after a spending a week in a coma.

A report was then made to the public prosecutor’s office, which uncovered repeated acts of abuse committed between 2010 and 2017.

“This story came to light after some atrocious events. The investigators then traced it back to this organisation with the poetic name “Enfance et bien-être” – which means “Childhood and well-being” – and to two of its alleged founders, Sannier explained.

For the civil parties, “this is clearly an extraordinary trial”, says the lawyer.

“A trial on this scale, involving so many people, with so much abuse, I’ve never seen anything like it”.

19 people have been summoned to appear in court on charges of violence, undeclared work in an organised gang, taking in minors without prior declaration, administration of a harmful substance or the use of forged documents. 

The defendants include two alleged managers of the “Enfance et Bien-Etre” association.

No accountability

However, none of the people in charge of the ASE will be on trial, which is what the civil parties are criticising.

“The ASE, which costs more than €9 billion a year, sometimes entrusts children to people who don’t have accreditation, but nobody is held to account,” says Ms Sellier with astonishment.

France’s Nord département – which is responsible for issuing the necessary approvals to foster families – declined to comment on the case “pending judgment”.

In the Nord départment, the cries of alarm have multiplied in recent years, as the child welfare system faces major difficulties, with an ever-increasing number of children in need of foster care.

Straddling the Belgian border – with Lille as its capital – Nord is France’s most densely populated department, with large pockets of poverty.

In September, Nord had some 22,837 children under protective care – including more than 12,805 placed in foster families or homes.

Hello everyone! Welcome to The Sound Kitchen weekly podcast, published every Saturday – here on our website, or wherever you get your podcasts. You’ll hear the winner’s names announced and the week’s quiz question, along with all the other ingredients you’ve grown accustomed to: your letters and essays, “On This Day”, quirky facts and news, interviews, and great music … so be sure and listen every week.

Erwan and I are busy cooking up special shows with your music requests, so get them in! Send your music requests to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr  Tell us why you like the piece of music, too – it makes it more interesting for us all!

Facebook: Be sure to send your photos to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr for the RFI English Listeners Forum banner!

More tech news: Did you know we have a YouTube channel? Just go to YouTube and write “RFI English” in the search bar, and there we are! Be sure to subscribe to see all our videos.

Would you like to learn French? RFI is here to help you!

Our website “Le Français facile avec RFI” has news broadcasts in slow, simple French, as well as bilingual radio dramas (with real actors!) and exercises to practice what you have heard.

Go to our website and get started! At the top of the page, click on “Test level”. According to your score, you’ll be counselled to the best-suited activities for your level.

Do not give up! As Lidwien van Dixhoorn, the head of “Le Français facile” service told me: “Bathe your ears in the sound of the language, and eventually, you’ll get it.” She should know – Lidwien is Dutch and came to France hardly able to say “bonjour” and now she heads this key RFI department – so stick with it!

Be sure you check out our wonderful podcasts!

In addition to the breaking news articles on our site, with in-depth analysis of current affairs in France and across the globe, we have several podcasts that will leave you hungry for more.

There’s Paris Perspective, Spotlight on France, Spotlight on Africa, and of course, The Sound Kitchen. We have an award-winning bilingual series – an old-time radio show, with actors (!) to help you learn French, called Les voisins du 12 bis. And there is the excellent International Report, too.

Remember, podcasts are radio, too! As you see, sound is still quite present in the RFI English service. Please keep checking our website for updates on the latest from our journalists. You never know what we’ll surprise you with!

To listen to our podcasts from your PC, go to our website; you’ll see “Podcasts” at the top of the page. You can either listen directly or subscribe and receive them directly on your mobile phone.

To listen to our podcasts from your mobile phone, slide through the tabs just under the lead article (the first tab is “Headline News”) until you see “Podcasts”, and choose your show. 

Teachers take note! I save postcards and stamps from all over the world to send to you for your students. If you would like stamps and postcards for your students, just write and let me know. The address is english.service@rfi.fr  If you would like to donate stamps and postcards, feel free! Our address is listed below. 

Another idea for your students: Br. Gerald Muller, my beloved music teacher from St. Edward’s University in Austin, Texas, has been writing books for young adults in his retirement – and they are free! There is a volume of biographies of painters and musicians called Gentle Giants, and an excellent biography of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., too. They are also a good way to help you improve your English – that’s how I worked on my French, reading books that were meant for young readers – and I guarantee you, it’s a good method for improving your language skills. To get Br. Gerald’s free books, click here.

Independent RFI English Clubs: Be sure to always include Audrey Iattoni (audrey.iattoni@rfi.fr) from our Listener Relations department in your RFI Club correspondence. Remember to copy me (thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr) when you write to her so that I know what is going on, too. N.B.: You do not need to send her your quiz answers! Email overload!

This week’s quiz: On 14 September, I asked you a question about Algeria’s presidential elections. Held on 8 September, the incumbent, Abdelmadjid Tebboune, was reelected.

RFI English reporter Melissa Chemam followed the race closely; the day after the election she wrote an article for us, “High expectations as Algeria’s President Tebboune begins new mandate”. Her article is about what’s on Tebboune’s presidential plate economically and socially for his next mandate.

There are several worries in civil society, as Melissa noted: “The first mandate of President Tebboune saw a clampdown on civil liberties and seen the army take on a more important role.”

Your question was about the army, and its, as Melissa noted, “more important role”. In August, a few days before Tebboune declared his candidacy, a decree was issued involving the army. You were to tell me what was in that decree.

The answer is, to quote Melissa’s article: “A few days before Tebboune’s declaration of candidacy, in August, a decree was published to legalise the transfer of the senior civil administration under the direct authority of the army.”

In addition to the quiz question, there was the bonus question: “What is the first thing that comes to your mind when you hear the word “red”? The question was suggested by Ashik Eqbal Tokon from Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

Do you have a bonus question idea? Send it to us!

The winners are: RFI Listeners Club member Radhakrishna Pillai from Kerala State in India. Radhakrishna is also this week’s bonus question winner. Congratulations on your double win, Radhakrisha!  

Also on the list of lucky winners this week are RFI Listeners Club members Father Stephen Wara from Bamenda, Cameroon; Shadman Hosen Ayon from Kishoreganj, Bangladesh, and Atikul Islam – who is also the president of the Narshunda Radio Listeners Family in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Last but certainly not least, RFI English listener Jahangir Alam from the Friends Radio Club in Naogaon, Bangladesh.

Here’s the music you heard on this week’s programme: “Autumn” from The Four Seasons by Antonio Vivaldi, performed by Carla Moore and Voice of Music; Traditional Chaabi music from Algeria; “The Flight of the Bumblebee” by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov; “The Cakewalk” from Children’s Corner by Claude Debussy, performed by the composer, and “Mr. Bobby” by Manu Chao, performed by Chao and the Playing for Change musicians.

Do you have a music request? Send it to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr

This week’s question … you must listen to the show to participate. After you’ve listened to the show, re-read our article “Algeria’s Tebboune refuses France visit in snub to former colonial ruler”, which will help you with the answer.

You have until 4 November to enter this week’s quiz; the winners will be announced on the 9 November podcast. When you enter be sure to send your postal address with your answer, and if you have one, your RFI Listeners Club membership number.

Send your answers to:

english.service@rfi.fr

or

Susan Owensby

RFI – The Sound Kitchen

80, rue Camille Desmoulins

92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux

France

or

By text … You can also send your quiz answers to The Sound Kitchen mobile phone. Dial your country’s international access code, or “ + ”, then  33 6 31 12 96 82. Don’t forget to include your mailing address in your text – and if you have one, your RFI Listeners Club membership number.

Click here to learn how to win a special Sound Kitchen prize.

Click here to find out how you can become a member of the RFI Listeners Club, or form your own official RFI Club,  

In a joint statement released on social media platform X on Saturday, UNIFIL nations – including France – said: “Such actions must stop immediately and should be adequately investigated”. 

The statement was posted by the Polish UN mission and signed by nations including leading contributors Indonesia, Italy and India.

Other signatories include Ireland, Ghana, Spain and China – all countries that have contributed several hundred troops to the force.

At least five peacekeepers have been wounded in recent days as Israel takes its fight against Hezbollah into southern Lebanon.

• France, US push for stronger Lebanese army to secure Israel border

The UNIFIL peacekeeping mission has accused the Israeli military of “deliberately” firing on its positions.

The contributing countries “reaffirm our full support for UNIFIL’s mission and activities, whose principal aim is to bring stabilization and lasting peace in South Lebanon as well as in the Middle East,” the statement read.

“We urge the parties of the conflict to respect UNIFIL’s presence, which entails the obligation to guarantee the safety and security of its personnel at all times,” it added.

Resolution 1701

UNIFIL, which involves about 9,500 troops of some 50 nationalities, is tasked with monitoring a ceasefire that ended a 33-day war in 2006 between Israel and Hezbollah.

Its role was bolstered by UN Security Council Resolution 1701 of that year, which stipulated that only the Lebanese army and UN peacekeepers should be deployed in south Lebanon.

At a summit on Friday, French, Italian and Spanish leaders said the “attacks” on UNIFIL peacekeepers violated Resolution 1701 and must end.

UNIFIL said that, in recent days, its forces have “repeatedly” come under fire in the Lebanese town of Naqura where it is headquartered, as well as in other positions.

• French navy deploys near Lebanon as Israel launches ground raids on Hezbollah

The mission said that Israeli tank fire on Thursday caused two Indonesian peacekeepers to fall off a watch tower in Naqura. 

The following day it said explosions close to an observation tower in Naqura wounded two Sri Lankan Blue Helmets, while Israel said it had responded to an “immediate threat” near a UN peacekeeping position.

On Saturday UNIFIL said a peacekeeper in Naqura “was hit by gunfire” on Friday night.

UNIFIL spokesman Andrea Tenenti told reporters the peacekeeping mission’s work had become “very difficult because there is a lot of damage, even inside the bases.”

A local dam built by woman farmer Saida Zouaoui in the village of Ghardimaou after years of effort has turned her into a local hero for her fellow smallholders, who say it helped increase their production despite a six-year drought.

Zouaoui’s stone and cement dam was constructed with European Union funding and technical support from the International Labour Organization, illustrating how such assistance is helping vulnerable nations adapt to climate change.

The Cop29 climate summit in Azerbaijan this November will focus on global funding by wealthier, high-polluting nations to help poorer countries adjust to a warming planet. But deep divisions remain over how much should be paid, and who should pay it

“We must adapt to climate change,” Zouaoui, 44, said as she cleared fallen branches and debris from a stream flowing off the dam.

“We know the region and its water-related issues, but we must come up with solutions and not lose hope.”

As a child, Saida Zouaoui saw both her father and grandfather attempt to build a makeshift reservoir using sandbags in her village of Ghardimaou near the Algerian border.

But without proper infrastructure and money, their effort failed. And in the meantime, Tunisia‘s water stress worsened.

EU funding

Already the 20th most water-stressed country according to the World Resources Institute, Tunisia has seen its national dams shrink to less than a quarter of their capacity, according to official figures.

In Zouaoui’s village, traditional dykes provided irrigation for up to 48 hectares during the 1970s and 80s but that has shrivelled to only 12 hectares, Monaem Khemissi, Tunisia’s ILO coordinator, told AFP.

Zouaoui said a number of farmers, and particularly younger people, left the village for urban areas.

Those who stayed were forced to “reduce cultivated areas and no longer planted crops that require a lot of water”.

Zouaoui had pitched the idea of building the small dam to Tunisian authorities before her country’s 2011 revolution but they turned it down as unprofitable, she said.

Heavily indebted Tunisia is grappling with weak economic growth.

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“I understand the authorities have limited capabilities and do not have the financial resources to implement the idea as they have other priorities,” Zouaoui told AFP.

But she persisted.

She told officials that her “lifetime project” would even “irrigate the entire area, for farmers to return and life to resume”.

It was European Union funding that eventually provided 90 percent of the 350,000 dinars (around $115,000) needed to build her dam in 2019.

Local farmers contributed about 10 percent of the cost, according to the ILO, and also offered their labour and logistics.

The EU, the North African country’s top aid and commercial partner, allocated $241 million in 2023 to support projects mainly linked to agriculture and water management.

Since 2021, the EU has also funded $18 million in rural development projects.

‘Changed my life’

ILO’s Khemissi said Zouaoui’s initiative was a “model of local development”.

He said his organisation “does not aim to replace the state but rather offer technical and financial support for projects to combat climate change and create jobs in marginalised areas”.

Tunisia’s northwest, though impoverished, is one of its most fertile areas, known for its production of cereals and vegetables and home to the country’s largest dam.

But with an unwavering lack of rainfall, Tunisia lost almost its entire grain harvest last year, according to official figures.

Water still flows, however, through Zouaoui’s canals linked to her small dam, which is about the length of one-and-a-half Olympic-sized swimming pools, and three metres deep.

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The system irrigates 45 small farms, each ranging from one to two hectares, with a rotation system among her farmer neighbours for free access to water.

Zouaoui said the farmers had nearly lost hope, feeling neglected by the authorities as “each time an official came to visit, the farmers thought they had come for electoral gain”.

“I had to convince them that we will have water unconditionally,” she said.

Abdallah Gadgadhi, 54, a father of five, recalled that his cultivated field “was reduced to a third before the project was completed” due to water scarcity.

With irrigation from Zouaoui’s dam, he said, he has expanded his pepper crop to use around 70 percent of his land.

Rebah Fazaai, 58, said Zouaoui has “changed my life immensely”.

“We can now support our families by selling our produce.”

Combining real-life experiences and a semi-fictional story, French film director Boris Lojkine weaves together ingredients of documentary filmmaking with the pace of a thriller – where the main character is up against the clock.

Souleymane, played by Sangaré, is a young man who has left behind a fiancé and a sick mother to seek opportunities in France. He doesn’t have any official paperwork and he’s attempting to apply for asylum.

Lojkine creates cinematic tension by filming Souleymane on his bike as he races through the streets of Paris making food deliveries for a pittance, under a false identity.

“It was very important to me to have a form of precariousness for the camera because cycling in traffic is precarious. It’s dangerous,” Lojkine told RFI, adding that the action takes place within the space of 48 hours.

The constant movement gives the film a sense of urgency and provides a metaphor for the vulnerability of these delivery people and the precarious situation they find themselves in.

In rain, hail or shine, Souleymane deals with cranky restaurant staff, rude clients and even a bike accident. Then he makes his way back to the charity-run shelter where he can rest a while before doing it all again.

All the while, he’s rehearsing what he will say to the French asylum agency at his appointment in two days’ time. He is trying to scrape together the money to pay for the advice of a “specialist” who has handed him a concocted story to pass the test: he is a refugee, persecuted in his home country due to his political activism.

Lojkine says he wanted to make a story about a man who doesn’t fit into the simplistic category of a “good migrant”. Souleymane tells a lie to get his papers, but it is a lie built on human suffering that is just as poignant and desperate.

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What would you do?

Lojkine’s question to the spectator is simple: what would you say if you had the power to decide whether Souleymane gets asylum or not?

“This is the kind of person we come across every day, without ever speaking to, without ever knowing their story,” the director says, insisting that bringing this invisible category of people into the spotlight helps others to humanise them.

The film also highlights the paradox France finds itself in – needing workers to fill gaps in the job market on the one hand, but also refusing to see the reality and identity of the people willing to do those jobs.

While holding auditions for non-professional actors, Lojkine came across Guinea-born Sangaré in Amiens, a city where the young man had attempted several times to get a formal visa without success, even though he arrived in France as a minor in 2017.

His story isn’t the same as Souleymane’s, but it is similar. Like many young men, Sangaré left his country in difficult circumstances and Lojkine says he was bowled over by the 23 year old’s charismatic presence on screen.

“He clearly had something that no one else had. He was extremely charismatic, at the same time very accurate, very intense, with an inner tension that we feel very strongly on screen.”

Immigration overhaul

Lojkine hopes that by winning the Jury Prize as well as Best Actor for Sangaré in the Un Certain Regard category at the Cannes Film Festival, the film will draw attention to Sangaré’s situation.

“After Cannes, I was hoping things would get sorted out,” he told weekly newspaper Le Journal du Dimanche. “But we’re in a delicate political situation, and things have kind of shut down.”

France’s interior minister vows to introduce new immigration ‘rules’ after student murder

He fears a bleak outlook for people like Sangaré, especially after France’s newly appointed interior minister, Bruno Retailleau, called for an overhaul of the immigration system and tougher rules on people who arrive without paperwork.

Meanwhile, French media reported on Friday that Sangaré, who has been offered a job as a mechanic in Amiens, had received a six-month temporary visa while his application for a work permit is assessed.

Sangaré is “relieved”, his agent told the press, but “well aware” that this story is far from over.

Souleymane’s Story was released in France on 9 October 2024.

One of Madagascar’s most photographed tourist sites is the Avenue of the Baobabs near the city of Morondava, in the west of the island, where giant, stately baobabs line a dirt road.

But the trees are endangered, partly because the megafauna that once dispersed their seeds are now extinct.

“The hypothesis in the first place was that they are orphan plants, meaning that without major seed dispersers like giant animals, their survival is challenging,” says Seheno Andriantsaralaza, a researcher at the University of Antananarivo.

Baobabs like the ones growing in Morondava are known to science as Adansonia grandieri, or in Malgasy as renala. While baobabs in mainland Africa have elephants to eat and scatter their seeds, the so-called megafauna once reputed to have done that on behalf of renala baobabs – giant lemurs and giant tortoises – went extinct centuries ago.

Scientists say there’s no evidence any of the large lemur species still living in Madagascar can break open the pods of renala baobabs, or chew off the chalky pulp surrounding each of the tiny brown seeds packed inside.

Caught on camera traps

To find out if the trees might be getting a helping hand from other, less charismatic Malagasy animals, a team led by Andriantsaralaza and her co-author Onja Razafindratsima conducted a four month-long study at two sites in the western Menabe region to find out which animals ate the fruit.

No animals or birds visited the baobab fruit while they were still on the tree, the team found, but when the large pods fell to the ground, native western tuft-tailed rats – small rodents with rich brown fur, elongated ears and a tuft of fur at the end of their long smooth tails – were caught on camera traps sniffing the fallen fruit and then eating the seeds.

It’s still unclear if the rats can actually chew through the hard shells of the pods to reach the seeds, or simply prise open the shells of cracked fruit.

At least 40 percent of baobab pods crack open when they fall, giving “secondary dispersers” – animals without jaws strong enough to break through – an opportunity to prise out seeds.

Useful seed spreaders

As secondary dispersers the tuft-tailed rats appear to be compensating for the absence of larger, long-extinct animals, says Andriantsaralaza.

For instance, it’s likely that the rats are stashing away baobab seeds beneath the soil, and occasionally forgetting about those caches. This allows the seeds to germinate far from the parent trees, where they have a higher rate of survival.

“Seed dispersal is important to ensure that the next generation [of baobabs] can colonise new sites, favourable sites, but also [so] they can avoid competition from the parent [plants],” says Andriantsaralaza.

Directly beneath the tree, where seedlings grow in clusters, the young baobab plants are also more susceptible to being eaten by grazing animals, she says.

Help from bushpigs

She and the team also found intact seeds in the dung of African bushpigs – a species of wild pig resembling a Eurasian wild boar that was introduced to Madagascar from Africa around 300 years ago.

That came as a surprise, says Andriantsaralaza.

When she did research at Anatananarivo Zoo as part of her PhD, she discovered that when captive bushpigs ate baobab fruit they crushed 100 percent of the seeds.

In the forest their chewing habits appear to be altered, though she’s not sure why, and renala seeds pass through unbroken. That makes bushpigs another potential seed disperser.

When baobab seeds pass through the digestive tract of an animal they become more permeable to moisture and nutrients, and the dung in which they end up provides excellent fertilizer to boost their growth.

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Resisting deforestation

The findings are encouraging. Renala baobabs are threatened by deforestation in western Madagascar, and although there is no scientific evidence to suggest that overharvesting of their fruit to manufacture juice and cosmetics is a threat to the trees’ survival, researchers like Andriantsaralaza want to mitigate against that possibility.

Up to 80 percent of renala fruits were collected by harvesters at the study sites surveyed by Andriantsaralaza and her team. She and other researchers, together with NGOs, local communities and the Malagasy government, are working to establish and enforce sustainable harvesting quotas.

“There is an urgent need for baobab conservation,” she says, adding that it’s important not to neglect the ecological interactions happening between the trees and nocturnal animals like the tuft-tailed rats.

“We need to conserve and protect both baobabs and their animal partners.”

Fears world’s smallest primate may have quietly gone extinct

Speaking on FranceInfo this Saturday, National Rally MP Thomas Ménagé said: “As things stand, this budget is absolutely unacceptable … Very clear red lines have been crossed,” he added, referring to a tax on electricity, the reduction in reimbursement for medical consultations, the increase in taxes on air transport, and also the increase in taxation on gas that the Greens wish to see included in Barnier’s finance bill.

As a result, the RN – whose own economic programme has been criticised by several experts as costly and ineffective – will present a “counter-budget” at a press conference on Wednesday.

• French PM launches budget plan in test for new government
• What’s in France’s belt-tightening budget and can it win support?

“We’re going to use all our parliamentary time to bring this government back to its senses,” said Laurent Jacobelli, vice-president of the RN group in the National Assembly, on France Inter.

Asked about a possible motion of censure, he remained evasive.

“I’m not here to break up the Fifth Republic, we’re here to save the French,” he said, even though his party has been accused by the left of supporting Barnier’s coalition by not voting, on 8 October, for a motion tabled by the left-wing New Popular Front alliance to bring down the government.

On Friday, Marine Le Pen denounced on X “the obvious lie” of the executive on the budget.

Le Pen – who leads the National Rally’s MPs in the National Assembly – has endorsed a study used by France’s High Council for Public Finances, which shows that 70 percent of Barnier’s budget will concentrate on raising taxes and 30 percent on cutting spending.

This is the opposite of what the government is promoting, which has promised to cut spending by two-thirds. 

The 35th Biennial is the first to go to Africa as part of the travelling exhibitions programme established by the Sao Paulo show, one of the biggest art events in the southern hemisphere. 

After touring cities in Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia, it is on display in Angolan capital Luanda until December 2024.

Brazil, which was a Portuguese colony from 1500 to 1825, was the first country to recognise Angola‘s independence from Portugal in January 1975.

And now, as Angola prepares to celebrate 50 years of independence, the Brazilian biennial wanted to focus on the cultural links between the South American powerhouse and the largest Portuguese-speaking country in Africa.

‘Common history’

“Luanda in Angola was for us an obvious choice and an important one, because we have a history, a common history, which is a very complex one,” curator and artist Grada Kilomba told RFI.

This history, linked to the former colonial power Portugal, where Kilomba was born, includes violence, oppression and collective trauma, she said – not only because of colonisation and exploitation but the transatlantic slave trade.

Reclaiming and even transcending a painful past became a major theme of the biennial, she told RFI.

Organisers chose the title “Choreographies of the impossible” because “we want to deal, not with a specific theme, but with the strategies to live within the impossibility”, she said.

It was important to the team to “rethink and revise history” and to extend these questions to the African continent, where black Brazilians have their roots, says Kilomba, who is herself of West African descent.

French-Algerian artist Kader Attia explores colonial wounds, creative restoration

Beyond Western limits

The travelling exhibition features works by nine artists from four different continents, from Asia to Africa, the Americas to Europe.

“This biennial brings together a set of artistic practices and cultural and social movements that refer to modes of expression that deal with total violence, the impossibility of life in complete freedom, and the limits of the idea of justice,” another of the curators, Helio Menezes, told RFI.

He was particularly interested in showcasing non-Western conceptions of art, and of the world. The idea is to “look at the diversity and look at the variety of expressions,” he said. 

The curators’ choices aim to “reunite different perspectives from different parts of the world”, explored by underrepresented artists from Latin America to Africa and beyond.

“Bringing this group of artists for the first time to the African continent is an opportunity to spread and to show their works,” Menezes said. Some of them will be in Africa for the first time.

Two-way exchange

The exhibition also features work by artists from Angola and other African countries.

Ilze Wolff, an architect and artist from South Africa, investigates the history and impact of urbanisation, as well as questions of occupation, abandonment and ruin.

A set of 20 photographs reflect on post-colonial identity in Angola, while Zimbabwean artist Nontsikelelo Mutiti created the visual identity for the biennial.

Decolonising Beauty campaign honours Africa’s diverse aesthetics

Award-winning photojournalist and film stills photographer Ballard moved to Venice, a beachside neighbourhood of LA, in 2009. 

Millions of people visit the resort town every year, making it southern California’s second most popular tourist attraction after Disneyland. Yet the famed boardwalk also hosts a growing homeless population.

Featured at this year’s Visa pour l’Image photojournalism festival in Perpignan, southern France, Ballard’s series “Venice, California” captures what the curators call “a place where beauty, surf, wealth, and the harsh realities of 21st-century America exist side by side”.

RFI: What was the idea behind your photo series on Venice?

Karen Ballard: Venice is kind of a microcosm of Los Angeles in the sense that Los Angeles is still struggling with a big homeless population. And yet it’s also the land of Hollywood, and it’s the land of Beverly Hills, and it’s the land of Rodeo Drive. 

And so what you see now in Venice is a bit of that influx. There’s a wealthy side to Venice now, but there’s also this homeless side. And that’s kind of the dichotomy of my project. 

RFI: When did you start this project?

KB: I started it right when I moved there at the end of 2009.

I think there’s one picture from that first month or two I was there. There’s a picture from a café called “A view from the Sidewalk Café”, and there’s a man rollerskating in the background who’s an icon of Venice, Harry Perry. He’s been around forever. He used to be on television… That picture, I think, goes back to that very first beginning.

I’m still shooting. I live in Venice, so I’m still working on it, but it was always a long-term project. It was always intended to be a book project, and I just worked on it in between my other assignments. I would work on it sometimes very intensely, and then maybe not work on it for a while.  

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RFI: What’s so special for you about Venice?

KB: Well, certainly if you’re a lover of the beach, it’s an incredible beach because it’s not the most glamorous, but it’s a public beach for all. You really have all walks of life. People from all over the world, you and then the locals, the surf, the sun, the light. 

For me, it’s always been about the light there. I love it so much. You could say that for a lot of California, but it’s not just about the golden hour. We have a marine layer that comes in and Venice gets its own special blue, a blue-grey light. You can see that in some of the images too. It’s kind of one or the other. I really like that. 

But also Venice is very carefree, this is the land of The Doors. This is a land where the Red Hot Chili Peppers came out of… This is the land of some of the great LA artists like Ed Rusha and John Baldessari and even going back, it’s the birthplace of silent films. Charlie Chaplin made his movies there.

So it has an artistic history and heritage that drew me to it, that’s for sure.

RFI: There’s one photo in your series with two men, one is meditating and the other has an umbrella. Can you describe what’s going on?

KB: They’re sunbathing, but they’re also posing. They’re just like: “Look at me, look at me.” You know, these posers. That’s what I like about it.

That picture kind of represents a little bit about what the Venice experience is about. You go to Venice Beach to look at people. It’s a place to see and be seen, but also to observe the human experience. 

Photographs capture heart-rending journey of migrants trying to reach the US

Announced late Thursday by Prime Minister Michel Barnier, the belt-tightening plan attempts to tackle France’s 6 percent deficit by cutting services and increasing taxes on businesses and the wealthy.

Only Greece and Italy have bigger debts in the EU.

Facing increasing pressure from the European Commission to bring the growing deficits under control, the government aims to trim it to 5 percent by the end of 2025. It’s the first step towards Barnier’s pledge to get the deficit below 3 percent of GDP, in line with EU rules. 

Reactions have been fierce. Right-wing MPs argue the cuts don’t go far enough, while the left insists they disproportionately target the working class.

Here’s an outline of the main measures.

Tax increases

Businesses with revenue of more than €1 billion a year will be hit with a temporary tax hike lasting two years. Some 440 large corporations would be impacted, raising a total of €12bn. 

The government will scrap tax breaks on low-income workers and phase out subsidies on apprenticeships – measures that France’s employers’ association Medef says will put “hundreds of thousands of jobs” at risk.

EDF, France’s state-owned electricity provider, will pay the state a special dividend on its nuclear energy production after it made record profits in 2023 due to soaring energy prices.

Income tax will increase for the 65,000 highest earners in France at a minimum rate of 20 percent.

According to the public accounts minister, the tax rises would largely be limited to households with a combined income of €500,000 per year, or €250,000 per year for a single person. The increases, applicable for three years only, would raise some €2bn.

The government is to end its policy of capping electricity prices that shielded households from soaring energy costs. Starting in February, an estimated 6 million households that had fixed electricity rate contracts will pay 14 percent more.

Levies will also be increased on owners of polluting vehicles and on the maritime sector.

Airlines and private jets face new levies on flights, generating around €1bn.

Meanwhile, a green tax on airline tickets would raise some €1.5bn. The tax is not part of the budget legislation, but will be passed through an amendment in agreement with the aviation industry.

France targets the rich with temporary tax hikes to bring down debt

Government spending cuts

Most of the cuts target public sector spending, with over 2,200 civil service jobs slashed – the majority in education and public accounts – though an additional 1,000 posts will be created in the judiciary and army.

The state’s biggest expenditure is education and the government plans to axe 4,000 teaching posts in 2025, mainly in pre-school and elementary level.

The Education Ministry says the cuts are justified due to a drop in the number of pupils and which is expected to accelerate with France’s falling birthrate.

While the education budget overall will remain fairly stable at 63 billion euros, the justice and sports ministries are among those facing cuts.

Local authorities will see cuts to the tune of €5bn.

Prime Minister Barnier warns France faces severe budget crisis as government talks stall

Health and pensions

Retirees will see the annual inflation-adjusted increase to their state pensions delayed by six months – a controversial measure that will save about €3.6bn.

While the healthcare budget remains stable, state reimbursement for doctor’s appointments will drop from 70 percent to 60 percent, with private health insurance expected to cover the difference.

Private health insurance (mutuelle) will cover the difference, but the changes could lead to an increase in insurance premiums.

The government also plans to lower the cap on sick leave payments from 1.8 times the minimum wage to 1.4 times.

France has ‘one of the worst deficits’ in its history, minister says

Unpopular all round

Barnier now has the huge task of getting his budget through a deeply fragmented National Assembly, where his coalition government of centrists and conservative rightwingers does not hold a majority.

So far, it has been fired on from all sides.

Members of President Macron’s Renaissance group are unhappy with tax increases which have always been a redline since Macron launched his pro-business agenda in 2017.

Barnier’s own conservative Republicans are pushing for deeper spending cuts, while left-wing MPs have blasted the austerity measures, particularly those affecting public services.

“We’re going to take two billion euros from the richest and 40 billion from the poorest,” France Unbowed MP Eric Coquerel told TF1.

Local authorities have also expressed outrage. The head of France urbaine, an association representing large cities, described the €5bn cuts as “unacceptable” and a threat to local services.

If opposition parties cannot be brought on board, the government may resort to a constitutional tool allowing it to bypass parliament altogether.

That carries the risk that the hard-left France Unbowed and far-right National Rally could band together to topple the fragile government through a no-confidence motion.

The British government has been under pressure for decades to hand over the Chagos Islands, but has resisted because of the military base it shares with the United States on Diego Garcia island, which plays a key role in US operations in the Indian Ocean and Gulf.

On 3 October, the UK said it would give up sovereignty of the remote Indian Ocean archipelago – but the joint base would remain open on an “initial” 99-year lease.

There is some hope the treaty could pave the way for the return of Chagos Islanders, who were expelled by the UK in the 1970s as the military base was developed.

But with no permanent population – and Diego Garcia, the most habitable island, remaining off limits as part of the deal – resettlement looks unlikely.

RFI spoke to Jean-Claude de l’Estrac, formerly foreign minister of Mauritius and secretary general of the intergovernmental Indian Ocean Commission, about the ramifications of the agreement.

RFI: Mauritian Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth called 3 October “an historic day”. Do you agree?

Jean-Claude de l’Estrac: Although this clearly is progress, I would say he’s exaggerating a little.

It is a long fight that has been waged for decades against Great Britain to regain our sovereignty. The prime minister is claiming this as a partisan victory. In reality, several governments since the 1970s, and the Chagossians themselves, have participated in this fight.

Obviously, regaining our sovereignty over part of the Chagos Archipelago is progress. But it is an exaggeration to speak of a great victory since ultimately, the UK-US base is still there on Diego Garcia, the main island. It’s a fictitious sovereignty and Britain will continue to occupy the island. Its position is reinforced because, in truth, Britain will enjoy sovereign rights.

This is what is planned for 99 years. And again, this is an initial period. It is likely that it will be renewed. And contrary to what is said there, the Chagossians will not be allowed back to the island of Diego Garcia.

Chagos Islands returned to Mauritius, but tensions over evictions persist

RFI: Are you for or against keeping an American base on Diego Garcia?

Jean-Claude de l’Estrac: I think the Americans can stay under certain conditions.

The pretext used today by the Americans to maintain the base is the entry of the Chinese into the Indian Ocean. The Chinese are indeed present, and they justify it by saying they have significant trade through the shipping routes of the Indian Ocean and they intend to protect their interests.

I don’t believe this is a real threat. But the Indians, who have long considered the Indian Ocean to be India’s ocean, consider the arrival of the Chinese in their territory as an intrusion.

So there is now the real risk of a confrontation between China and India – India, which is now a partner of the Americans.

RFI: In the new agreement, the British committed to financial support for Mauritius. Couldn’t you rent the island of Diego Garcia to the British and Americans at a high price?

Jean-Claude de l’Estrac: This is undoubtedly what is happening. That said, I suspect American subterfuge, because I see that in the agreement and the treaty which is being negotiated, the Americans are hiding behind the British to say it is the British who will pay the rent. 

This is probably a way to try to reduce Mauritius’s claims for financial compensation. It’s a different story whether it’s the Americans who pay or the British – who are practically bankrupt. So I don’t think it will be a big windfall.

Chagos Islands sovereignty case – the end of the end of British colonial rule in Africa?

RFI: After this agreement, Argentina asked the UK to return the Falkland Islands. It will be interesting to see if Spain will request the return of Gibraltar. Doesn’t this demonstrate that your government has pulled off a political win?

Jean-Claude de l’Estrac: Yes, absolutely. All of this [concerning the Chagos Islands] is based on a UN resolution passed in the 1960s: Resolution 1514, which says that a colonial power does not have the right to break up a territory before it gains independence. What we finally obtained after a long struggle was respect for this resolution.

EDITOR’S NOTE: On 7 October, the UK said that the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands and Gibraltar was “not up for negotiation”. Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s official spokesman told reporters that the return of the Chagos would have “no bearing on other overseas territories”. He said the deal with Mauritius should not be seen as a precedent for other disputes because Chagos was “a unique situation based on its unique history and circumstances”.

RFI: In light of this resolution, do you think that the deal concluded last week could strengthen the Comoros’ claim on Mayotte, currently part of France?

Jean-Claude de l’Estrac: Certainly, and perhaps even the position of Madagascar in relation to the Scattered Islands. The same principle should apply. Perhaps the Comorans should do what Mauritius did and internationalise the problem.

For the moment, the Comorans and French continue to say it is a bilateral problem, but the solution is more and more difficult – especially since, for example, France is now fighting to have the annexed island of Mayotte admitted to the Indian Ocean Commission, which the Comorans object to.

So I think the Comorans will take this issue up again before international courts, if they are able to. But the Comoros are still quite dependent on France economically. This was not the case for Mauritius with regards to the UK.

How overseas Mayotte became ‘a department apart’ within France

This interview is adapted from the original conducted in French by RFI’s Christophe Boisbouvier. It has been lightly edited for clarity.

Hello everyone! Welcome to The Sound Kitchen weekly podcast, published every Saturday – here on our website, or wherever you get your podcasts. You’ll hear the winner’s names announced and the week’s quiz question, along with all the other ingredients you’ve grown accustomed to: your letters and essays, “On This Day”, quirky facts and news, interviews, and great music … so be sure and listen every week.

Erwan and I are busy cooking up special shows with your music requests, so get them in! Send your music requests to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr  Tell us why you like the piece of music, too – it makes it more interesting for us all!

Facebook: Be sure to send your photos to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr for the RFI English Listeners Forum banner!

More tech news: Did you know we have a YouTube channel? Just go to YouTube and write “RFI English” in the search bar, and there we are! Be sure to subscribe to see all our videos.

Would you like to learn French? RFI is here to help you!

Our website “Le Français facile avec RFI” has news broadcasts in slow, simple French, as well as bilingual radio dramas (with real actors!) and exercises to practice what you have heard.

Go to our website and get started! At the top of the page, click on “Test level”. According to your score, you’ll be counselled to the best-suited activities for your level.

Do not give up! As Lidwien van Dixhoorn, the head of “Le Français facile” service told me: “Bathe your ears in the sound of the language, and eventually, you’ll get it.” She should know – Lidwien is Dutch and came to France hardly able to say “bonjour” and now she heads this key RFI department – so stick with it!

Be sure you check out our wonderful podcasts!

In addition to the breaking news articles on our site, with in-depth analysis of current affairs in France and across the globe, we have several podcasts that will leave you hungry for more.

There’s Paris Perspective, Spotlight on France, Spotlight on Africa, and of course, The Sound Kitchen. We have an award-winning bilingual series – an old-time radio show, with actors (!) to help you learn French, called Les voisins du 12 bis. And there is the excellent International Report, too.

Remember, podcasts are radio, too! As you see, sound is still quite present in the RFI English service. Please keep checking our website for updates on the latest from our journalists. You never know what we’ll surprise you with!

To listen to our podcasts from your PC, go to our website; you’ll see “Podcasts” at the top of the page. You can either listen directly or subscribe and receive them directly on your mobile phone.

To listen to our podcasts from your mobile phone, slide through the tabs just under the lead article (the first tab is “Headline News”) until you see “Podcasts”, and choose your show. 

Teachers take note! I save postcards and stamps from all over the world to send to you for your students. If you would like stamps and postcards for your students, just write and let me know. The address is english.service@rfi.fr  If you would like to donate stamps and postcards, feel free! Our address is listed below. 

Another idea for your students: Br. Gerald Muller, my beloved music teacher from St. Edward’s University in Austin, Texas, has been writing books for young adults in his retirement – and they are free! There is a volume of biographies of painters and musicians called Gentle Giants, and an excellent biography of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., too. They are also a good way to help you improve your English – that’s how I worked on my French, reading books that were meant for young readers – and I guarantee you, it’s a good method for improving your language skills. To get Br. Gerald’s free books, click here.

Independent RFI English Clubs: Be sure to always include Audrey Iattoni (audrey.iattoni@rfi.fr) from our Listener Relations department in your RFI Club correspondence. Remember to copy me (thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr) when you write to her so that I know what is going on, too. N.B.: You do not need to send her your quiz answers! Email overload!

This week’s quiz: On 14 September, I asked you a question about Algeria’s presidential elections. Held on 8 September, the incumbent, Abdelmadjid Tebboune, was reelected.

RFI English reporter Melissa Chemam followed the race closely; the day after the election she wrote an article for us, “High expectations as Algeria’s President Tebboune begins new mandate”. Her article is about what’s on Tebboune’s presidential plate economically and socially for his next mandate.

There are several worries in civil society, as Melissa noted: “The first mandate of President Tebboune saw a clampdown on civil liberties and seen the army take on a more important role.”

Your question was about the army, and its, as Melissa noted, “more important role”. In August, a few days before Tebboune declared his candidacy, a decree was issued involving the army. You were to tell me what was in that decree.

The answer is, to quote Melissa’s article: “A few days before Tebboune’s declaration of candidacy, in August, a decree was published to legalise the transfer of the senior civil administration under the direct authority of the army.”

In addition to the quiz question, there was the bonus question: “What is the first thing that comes to your mind when you hear the word “red”? The question was suggested by Ashik Eqbal Tokon from Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

Do you have a bonus question idea? Send it to us!

The winners are: RFI Listeners Club member Radhakrishna Pillai from Kerala State in India. Radhakrishna is also this week’s bonus question winner. Congratulations on your double win, Radhakrisha!  

Also on the list of lucky winners this week are RFI Listeners Club members Father Stephen Wara from Bamenda, Cameroon; Shadman Hosen Ayon from Kishoreganj, Bangladesh, and Atikul Islam – who is also the president of the Narshunda Radio Listeners Family in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Last but certainly not least, RFI English listener Jahangir Alam from the Friends Radio Club in Naogaon, Bangladesh.

Here’s the music you heard on this week’s programme: “Autumn” from The Four Seasons by Antonio Vivaldi, performed by Carla Moore and Voice of Music; Traditional Chaabi music from Algeria; “The Flight of the Bumblebee” by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov; “The Cakewalk” from Children’s Corner by Claude Debussy, performed by the composer, and “Mr. Bobby” by Manu Chao, performed by Chao and the Playing for Change musicians.

Do you have a music request? Send it to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr

This week’s question … you must listen to the show to participate. After you’ve listened to the show, re-read our article “Algeria’s Tebboune refuses France visit in snub to former colonial ruler”, which will help you with the answer.

You have until 4 November to enter this week’s quiz; the winners will be announced on the 9 November podcast. When you enter be sure to send your postal address with your answer, and if you have one, your RFI Listeners Club membership number.

Send your answers to:

english.service@rfi.fr

or

Susan Owensby

RFI – The Sound Kitchen

80, rue Camille Desmoulins

92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux

France

or

By text … You can also send your quiz answers to The Sound Kitchen mobile phone. Dial your country’s international access code, or “ + ”, then  33 6 31 12 96 82. Don’t forget to include your mailing address in your text – and if you have one, your RFI Listeners Club membership number.

Click here to learn how to win a special Sound Kitchen prize.

Click here to find out how you can become a member of the RFI Listeners Club, or form your own official RFI Club,  

The Paris Olympic Games and Paralympics gave French-language songs huge exposure, adding new fans to the global audience already growing on streaming platforms. But what kind of music are non-French-speakers listening to and why? A new exhibition at the recently opened International Centre of the French Language asks the question. Its curator, the music journalist Bertrand Dicale, based the exhibit on the idea that songs reveal who were are, and he talks about what popular songs reveal about France. He also highlights some surprising differences between French and foreign audiences, which have allowed stars like Aya Nakamura and Juliette Gréco to enjoy huge success abroad despite being scorned at home. (Listen @0’00)

France lags behind many countries in the use of technology in classrooms and there is no clear policy from an ever-changing education ministry. But the disorganisation may be buying educators time to consider the consequences. A report commissioned in the spring by President Emmanuel Macron advised placing limits on young people’s use of smartphones and social media, and some schools are testing a smartphone ban this year. Founded by concerned educators, the collective Pour une éducation numérique raisonnée (“For a sensible digital education”) has raised its own concerns about the push to digitise textbooks and get students learning on screens. We visit a class taught by one of its members, and see how technology is – and is not – used. (Listen @22’00)

In the midst of Nobel season, a look at some of France’s 71 prizes, from the first ever Nobel Peace Prize in 1901 to the five won by members of the Curie family for physics and chemistry. (Listen @15’00)

Episode mixed by Cecile Pompéani. 

Spotlight on France is a podcast from Radio France International. Find us on rfienglish.com, Apple podcasts (link here), Spotify (link here) or your favourite podcast app (pod.link/1573769878).

With a great deal of fanfare, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan attended the leaving ceremony of Turkey’s energy research vessel Oruc Reis, which set sail this month to Somalia accompanied by two Turkish naval vessels.

Somali energy deal

The deployment of the Oruc Reis is part of an energy deal struck with Somalia and the latest step in Ankara’s long-term investment in the Horn of Africa nation.

“Turkey has its largest embassy in the world in Mogadishu. It has a military base there. The port of Mogadishu is controlled by a Turkish company, “explained Norman Rickelfs, a geopolitical consultant.

“[Turkey] signed a defense deal (with Somalia) in February, a two-part defense deal, and then an energy exploration deal in March. So, Turkey needs Somalia and Ethiopia to play well together.”

The threat of a new conflict in the Horn of Africa has been looming since January when Ethiopia signed a memorandum of understanding with Somaliland, a breakaway state from Somalia.

The agreement gives Ethiopia secure sea access in exchange for recognizing the breakaway state, a deal condemned by Somalia for infringing on its territorial integrity.

Turkey enters fray mediating Ethiopia and Somalia’s high-stakes dispute

Somalia, Ethiopia and Turkey

Ankara which has good relations with Ethiopia, as well as Somalia has been mediating. But September’s round of talks, during which Ankara had indicated an agreement could be reached, has been indefinitely postponed.

The postponement follows Egypt signing a defense pact with Somalia in August. Last month, Egypt sent its first shipment of arms to Somalia in four decades.

Elem Eyrice-Tepeciklioglu, an African studies professor at the Social Sciences University of Ankara, warns that Egypt’s military involvement complicates Ethiopian Somali reconciliation efforts.

“There are also some hurdles on the way with some recent tensions, especially with the involvement of Egypt and its increasing relations with Somalia,” claims Eyrice-Tepeciklioglu.

Tepeciklioglu warns that the longer the Ethiopian-Somalia dispute continues, the greater the risk of contagion in an unstable region.

“The shifting alliances in the region are also a source of problem, because most of the regional countries have strained relations with each other. And then they often have conflicting interests. So this might complicate the situation,” explained Tepeciklioglu. 

 Egypt’s support of Somalia is the latest chapter in Egyptian-Ethiopian tensions. Those tensions center on Ethiopia’s damming of the Nile River, which Egypt depends on.

Cairo’s position

Cairo has strongly criticized the project, warning it poses an existential threat. “Egypt’s military deployment to Somalia is a natural progression for an actor seeking to strengthen their hand in a regional competition,” said Kaan Devecioglu of the Ankara-based think tank Orsam.

However, Devecioglu says the priority must be to prevent current rivalries from overspilling into confrontation. “Egypt already has this strained relationship with Ethiopia due to tensions over the Nile River, which makes its presence in Somalia geopolitically sensitive. The issue is not that states are rivals but ensuring they are not enemies,’ explained Devecioglu.

Egyptian President Al Fateh Sisi discussed Ethiopian Somali tensions during last month’s Ankara visit. The visit is part of rapprochement efforts between the countries. That rapprochement Ankara is likely to use to contain current tensions in the Horn of Africa.

However, some experts warn Ankara‘s mediation efforts could be running out of time.

“We see tensions escalating in the region, and we see both sides sort of trying to extract leverage and put pressure on each other,” said Omar Mahmood, a Senior Analyst of the International Crisis Group.

Mahmood says that given the Horn Of Africa is already plagued with conflict Ankara’s mediation efforts needs international support,

 “There needs to be a way to de-escalate, I think the mediation is very important. But I think there probably needs to be additional, you know, parties involved or additional pressure put on both sides in order to get to a breakthrough,” added Mahmood.

Currently, there is no new date for a new round of Turkish-brokered Ethiopian Somali talks, with Ankara saying it is negotiating with each country separately. But time is not on Ankara’s side as tensions continue to grow in the region, which is located on one of the world’s most important trade routes.

Hello everyone! Welcome to The Sound Kitchen weekly podcast, published every Saturday – here on our website, or wherever you get your podcasts. You’ll hear the winner’s names announced and the week’s quiz question, along with all the other ingredients you’ve grown accustomed to: your letters and essays, “On This Day”, quirky facts and news, interviews, and great music … so be sure and listen every week.

Erwan and I are busy cooking up special shows with your music requests, so get them in! Send your music requests to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr  Tell us why you like the piece of music, too – it makes it more interesting for us all!

Facebook: Be sure to send your photos to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr for the RFI English Listeners Forum banner!

More tech news: Did you know we have a YouTube channel? Just go to YouTube and write “RFI English” in the search bar, and there we are! Be sure to subscribe to see all our videos.

Would you like to learn French? RFI is here to help you!

Our website “Le Français facile avec RFI” has news broadcasts in slow, simple French, as well as bilingual radio dramas (with real actors!) and exercises to practice what you have heard.

Go to our website and get started! At the top of the page, click on “Test level”. According to your score, you’ll be counselled to the best-suited activities for your level.

Do not give up! As Lidwien van Dixhoorn, the head of “Le Français facile” service told me: “Bathe your ears in the sound of the language, and eventually, you’ll get it.” She should know – Lidwien is Dutch and came to France hardly able to say “bonjour” and now she heads this key RFI department – so stick with it!

Be sure you check out our wonderful podcasts!

In addition to the breaking news articles on our site, with in-depth analysis of current affairs in France and across the globe, we have several podcasts that will leave you hungry for more.

There’s Paris Perspective, Spotlight on France, Spotlight on Africa, and of course, The Sound Kitchen. We have an award-winning bilingual series – an old-time radio show, with actors (!) to help you learn French, called Les voisins du 12 bis. And there is the excellent International Report, too.

Remember, podcasts are radio, too! As you see, sound is still quite present in the RFI English service. Please keep checking our website for updates on the latest from our journalists. You never know what we’ll surprise you with!

To listen to our podcasts from your PC, go to our website; you’ll see “Podcasts” at the top of the page. You can either listen directly or subscribe and receive them directly on your mobile phone.

To listen to our podcasts from your mobile phone, slide through the tabs just under the lead article (the first tab is “Headline News”) until you see “Podcasts”, and choose your show. 

Teachers take note! I save postcards and stamps from all over the world to send to you for your students. If you would like stamps and postcards for your students, just write and let me know. The address is english.service@rfi.fr  If you would like to donate stamps and postcards, feel free! Our address is listed below. 

Another idea for your students: Br. Gerald Muller, my beloved music teacher from St. Edward’s University in Austin, Texas, has been writing books for young adults in his retirement – and they are free! There is a volume of biographies of painters and musicians called Gentle Giants, and an excellent biography of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., too. They are also a good way to help you improve your English – that’s how I worked on my French, reading books that were meant for young readers – and I guarantee you, it’s a good method for improving your language skills. To get Br. Gerald’s free books, click here.

Independent RFI English Clubs: Be sure to always include Audrey Iattoni (audrey.iattoni@rfi.fr) from our Listener Relations department in your RFI Club correspondence. Remember to copy me (thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr) when you write to her so that I know what is going on, too. N.B.: You do not need to send her your quiz answers! Email overload!

This week’s quiz: On 7 September, I asked you a question about the Paris Paralympics 2024. You were to re-read our article “Golden glory for French para-triathletes despite delays over Seine water quality” and send in the answers to these two questions: How many medals did the French Paralympians win in the triathlon events that were held on 2 September, and: What are the three sports that make up a triathlon?

The answer is: French Paralympians won four medals in the triathlon events. Alexis Hanquinquant and Jules Ribstein both won gold in their divisions, Thibaut Rigaudeau and Antoine Perel won bronze in the competition for visually impaired athletes.

And which three sports make up a triathlon? Swimming, bicycling, and running. 

In addition to the quiz question, there was the bonus question: “What is the scariest creature you have ever encountered?”, which was suggested by Alan Holder from the Isle of Wight, England.  

Do you have a bonus question idea? Send it to us!

The winners are: RFI Listeners Club member Swapan Kumar Chandra from Kolkata, India – who is back in the kitchen with us after a long break … welcome back, Swapan! Swapan is also this week’s bonus question winner – congratulations!

Also on the list of lucky winners this week are A. K. M. Nuruzzaman, the president of the RFI Amour Fan Club in Rajshahi, Bangladesh, and Rasheed Naz, the chairman of the Naz RFI Internet Fan Club in Faisal Abad, Pakistan. There’s RFI Listeners Club member Radhakrishna Pillai from Kerala State in India, and last but certainly not least, RFI English listener Shihab Ali Khondaker from Naogaon, Bangladesh.

Congratulations winners!

Here’s the music you heard on this week’s programme: Le Boeuf sur le Toit by Darius Milhaud, performed by the Ulster Orchestra conducted by Yan Pascal Tortelier; “Love Me Do” by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, played by The Beatles; “Les Jours Heureux” by Cyrille Aufort; “The Flight of the Bumblebee” by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov; “The Cakewalk” from Children’s Corner by Claude Debussy, performed by the composer; “Happy” by Pharrell Williams, and “At The Centerline” by Brian Blade, performed by the Brian Blade Fellowship Band.

Do you have a music request? Send it to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr

This week’s question … you must listen to the show to participate. After you’ve listened to the show, re-read our article “French far-right leader Marine Le Pen on trial for misuse of EU funds”, which will help you with the answer.

You have until 28 October to enter this week’s quiz; the winners will be announced on the 2 November podcast. When you enter be sure to send your postal address with your answer, and if you have one, your RFI Listeners Club membership number.

Send your answers to:

english.service@rfi.fr

or

Susan Owensby

RFI – The Sound Kitchen

80, rue Camille Desmoulins

92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux

France

or

By text … You can also send your quiz answers to The Sound Kitchen mobile phone. Dial your country’s international access code, or “ + ”, then  33 6 31 12 96 82. Don’t forget to include your mailing address in your text – and if you have one, your RFI Listeners Club membership number.

Click here to learn how to win a special Sound Kitchen prize.

Click here to find out how you can become a member of the RFI Listeners Club, or form your own official RFI Club,  

This week, our focus shifts to the dynamics of Chinese-African-Western relations.

In September, as the United States pursued investments in nuclear energy projects in Ghana and Kenya, the China-Africa forum concluded with a series of new agreements between China and a number of African countries. These deals spanned key sectors, including industry, agriculture, natural resources, and renewable energy.

China’s new strategy in Africa: is the continent getting a fair deal?

Chinese President Xi Jinping also announced that Beijing will allocate $50 billion (€45 billion euros) to Africa over the next three years.

However, China’s overall investments in the continent have declined over the past year, creating an opening for both the US and Europe, who are both eager to re-establish their economic presence in Africa.

Russia has also entered the picture.

But what does Africa realy need?

To explore this, Jan van der Made and Melissa Chemam spoke with experts, including historians Daniel Large and Michael Dillon, as well as Igor Ichikowitz from the Ichikowitz Family Foundation.

Episode mixed by Erwan Rome 

Spotlight on Africa is a podcast from Radio France Internationale

At the UN, Erdogan again compared Israel to Hitler, calling for an “international alliance of humanity” to stop Israel as it did Hitler 70 years ago. However, such fiery rhetoric is finding a shrinking audience.

“It’s more conveying a message to their own base”, said Sezin Oney of the Turkish news portal Politikyol. “There isn’t an audience that really sees Turkey or Erdogan as the vanguard of Palestine rights anymore. On the contrary, that ship sailed long ago.”

Erdogan attempted to boost his image as a powerful regional player by meeting with the Lebanese and Iraqi Prime Ministers on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly. But Ankara is increasingly finding itself sidelined as a regional diplomatic player.

“Ankara‘s pro-Hamas approach has only marginalised Turkey in the international arena,” said international relations expert Selin Nasi of the London School of Economics. “So we see Egypt and Qatar receiving credits for their roles as mediators. And Turkey is locked out of international diplomatic efforts.”

Since Hamas’s 7 October attack on Israel and Israel’s subsequent Gaza campaign, Ankara has tried to position itself among international mediating efforts to end the fighting, given its close contacts with Hamas.

Turkish youth finds common cause in protests against trade with Israel

Mediation efforts

“Turkey was asked by the United States to speak with Hamas people”, said international relations expert Soli Ozel at Vienna’s Institute for Human Studies.

However, Ozel says the assassination of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh in Iran denied Erdogan his diplomatic trump card.

“One big blow to Turkey has been the murder of Haniyeh, with which Turkey did have very close relations. For all I know, he may even have had a Turkish passport”, said Ozel.

“And I really don’t think Turkey has any relations or contacts with Yahya Sinwar, who is officially and effectively the leader of Hamas”.

With Israel already alienated by Erdogan’s fiery rhetoric along with Turkey imposing an Israeli trade embargo, Gallia Lindenstrauss of Tel Aviv‘s National Security Studies says Turkey has nothing to offer.

Turkey flexes naval muscles as neighbours fear escalating arms race

“There are two main mediators in this conflict: Egypt and Qatar. They’re the two actors that have leverage over Hamas. Turkey, despite its very open support of Hamas, has very little leverage on Hamas’s decisions,” said Lindenstrauss.

“So Turkey is not effective – it doesn’t have the money to push Hamas in a certain direction, it doesn’t have the political leverage over Hamas to push it in the right direction. In practice …Turkey is not very efficient.

“So I don’t think it’s a mistake that Turkey is not part of this [mediation] process.”

Ankara has been quick to point out that existing mediation efforts between Hamas and Israel have achieved little, with the conflict now spreading to Lebanon.

However, some experts claim Ankara’s diplomatic sidelining has a broader message of Arab countries pushing back against Turkey’s involvement in the region.

“None of the Arab countries would like to get Turkey involved in this process,” said international relations expert Huseyin Bagci, of Ankara’s Middle East Technical University.

“Turkey could be considered by their views as the enemy of Israel, but it is artificial. The Middle East Arab-Israeli conflict since 1948 has been an Arab-Israeli conflict, not a Turkish-Israeli conflict.”

Turkey and Egypt bury the hatchet with a dozen new bilateral deals

Regional ambitions

For more than a decade, Erdogan has sought to project Turkey’s influence across the Middle East, often referring to the years of Ottoman rule as the halcyon days of peace and tranquillity.

But the latest Middle East war has ended such dreams, analyst Ozel said.

“The Turkish government thought that they could dominate the Middle East. They played the game of hegemony seeking, and they lost it,” Ozel explained.

“When they lost it, Turkey found itself way behind [the position] it had prior to 2011 when their grandiose scheme of creating a region which would be dominated by Turkey began.”

As the Israel-Hamas war threatens to escalate across the region, Erdogan’s rhetoric against Israel will likely continue. But analysts warn that outside of the leader’s conservative base at home, few others in the region will be receptive.

Madhya Pradesh is often referred to as the Heart of India. Located right in the middle of the country, the Indian region shows everything India has to offer through its abundant diversity. The IFTM trade show, which took place in Paris at the end of September, presented the perfect opportunity for travel enthusiasts to discover the region.

Sheo Shekhar Shukla, Managing Director of Madhya Pradesh’s tourism board, sat down to explain his approach to sustainable tourism.

“Post-covid the whole world has known a shift in their approach when it comes to tourism. And all those discerning travelers want to have different kinds of experiences: something offbeat, something new, something which has not been explored before.”

Through its UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Shukla wants to showcase the deep history Madhya Pradesh has to offer.

“UNESCO is very actively supporting us and three of our sites are already World Heritage Sites. Sanchi is a very famous buddhist spiritual destination, Bhimbetka is a place where prehistoric rock shelters are still preserved, and Khajuraho is home to thousand year old temples with magnificent architecture.”

All in all, Shukla believes that there’s only one way forward for the industry: “Travelers must take sustainable tourism as a paradigm in order to take tourism to the next level.”

In partnership with Madhya Pradesh’s tourism board.

Also known as the Land of the Beautiful Islands, Malaysia’s landscape and cultural diversity is almost unmatched on the planet. Those qualities were all put on display at the Malaysian stand during the IFTM trade show.

Libra Hanif, director of Tourism Malaysia, explained the appeal of the country as well as the importance of promoting sustainable tourism today: “Sustainable travel is a major trend now, with the changes that are happening post-covid. People want to get close to nature, to get close to people. So Malaysia being a multicultural and diverse [country] with a lot of natural environments, we felt that it’s a good thing for us to promote Malaysia.”

Malaysia has also gained fame in recent years, through its numerous UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which include Kinabalu Park and the Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley.

Green mobility has also become an integral part of tourism in Malaysia, with an increasing number of people using bikes to discover the country: “If you are a little more adventurous, we have the mountain back trails where you can cut across gazetted trails to see the natural attractions and the wildlife that we have in Malaysia,” says Hanif. “If you are not that adventurous, you’ll be looking for relaxing cycling. We also have countryside spots, where you can see all the scenery in a relaxing session.”

With more than 25,000 visitors at this IFTM trade show this year, Malaysia’s tourism board got to showcase the best the country and its people have to offer.

In partnership with Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board. For more information about Malaysia, click here.