Goodall “passed away of natural causes” while in California during a speaking tour of the United States, the Jane Goodall Institute said in a statement on social media.

“Dr Goodall’s discoveries as an ethologist revolutionised science, and she was a tireless advocate for the protection and restoration of our natural world,” it added.

Scientific pioneer

Born on 3 April 1934 in London, Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall – later known simply as Jane Goodall  – displayed a fascination with animals from a very young age. Her father gave her a toy chimpanzee, “Jubilee”, which she cherished throughout her life.

Enthralled by the Tarzan adventure books, she later remarked with amusement that Tarzan had married the “wrong Jane”.

Goodall’s unconventional path began in 1957 when, at the age of 23, she travelled to Kenya to visit a friend.

There she met Louis Leakey, the eminent Kenyan-based palaeontologist, who hired her as his secretary and soon recognised her extraordinary observational gifts.

Zoologist Jane Goodall warns: ‘The world is a mess’ ahead of COP16

Leakey dispatched her to what is now Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania, where she embarked on a groundbreaking study of chimpanzees in their natural habitat.

With no formal scientific training at the time, Goodall’s approach was unconventional but revolutionary: she named the chimpanzees she observed, rather than assigning them numbers, and emphasised their individuality, emotions, and social bonds.

Her most celebrated discovery came in 1960, when she observed chimpanzees using sticks and blades of grass as tools to extract termites from their mounds.

This shattered the long-held belief that tool-making was a uniquely human trait, forcing a profound re-evaluation of the boundary between humans and other animals.

Encouraged by Leakey, Goodall went on to pursue a doctorate at the University of Cambridge, becoming only the eighth person in the institution’s history to be awarded a PhD without first obtaining an undergraduate degree. Her thesis, based on her Gombe research, was published in 1965.

Research and global advocacy

In 1977 she founded the Jane Goodall Institute, which has since become a global leader in primate research, conservation, and community-led environmental projects.

Fourteen years later she launched Roots & Shoots, a youth movement dedicated to environmental and humanitarian action that now spans more than 60 countries.

Goodall’s transition from scientist to activist began in the 1980s after attending a US conference on chimpanzees, where she was confronted with the grim reality of animals used in biomedical research and the accelerating destruction of African forests. Deeply shaken, she resolved to speak out.

Anthropologist, conservationist and eternal optimist Richard Leakey dies at 77

From then on she travelled tirelessly, sometimes visiting more than 300 cities in a single year, urging audiences to act with compassion towards both animals and the planet. She became a powerful voice in global debates on biodiversity, climate change, and sustainable development.

Even in her later years, Goodall remained a commanding presence. Ahead of a United Nations biodiversity summit in Colombia in 2024, she told AFP: “The time for words and false promises is past if we want to save the planet.”

Her philosophy was rooted in the belief that every person, no matter how ordinary, can make a difference. “Each individual has a role to play,” she said, “and every one of us makes some impact on the planet every single day. We can choose what sort of impact we make.”

Indigenous Kenyans forced off ancestral lands in name of conservation: NGOs

Enduring legacy

Goodall received countless accolades during her lifetime, including damehood in 2004, the French Legion of Honour, the Benjamin Franklin Medal, and the Templeton Prize. She authored numerous books — from academic works to children’s stories — and was the subject of acclaimed documentaries, including National Geographic’s Jane (2017).

Despite her fame, she remained humble, often describing herself as “just a girl who loved animals”. Her legacy lies not only in her scientific achievements but also in the millions she inspired to treat animals and the natural world with empathy and respect.

(with newswires)

The 244-metre tanker, called Boracay but also known as Pushpa and Kiwala, has been anchored near French territorial waters off the Saint-Nazaire wind farm for several days.

It sails under a Benin flag and left the Russian port of Primorsk, near Saint Petersburg, on 20 September.

The Brest prosecutor’s office said it opened the investigation after a report from the navy.

Prosecutor Stephane Kellenberger told the French news agency AFP the probe concerns the crew’s “failure to justify the nationality of the vessel” and its “refusal to cooperate”.

A representative of the Atlantic Maritime Prefecture told AFP it had “recently filed a report with the public prosecutor in Brest” concerning the Boracay, which is “suspected of being in violation of the law”.

An investigation is underway, the representative added, declining to release any details.

NATO faces new threat as climate helps submarines slip beneath sonar

Drone link

The Boracay’s name also appears in Denmark’s investigation into drone flights that forced temporary closures at airports in Copenhagen and Aalborg between 22 and 25 September.

Danish authorities imposed a ban on civilian drone flights until Friday. Drones have been sighted across Denmark since 22 September, including above military sites.

Danish media reported that the tanker passed through Danish waters during that period.

According to specialist publication The Maritime Executive, the Boracay and several other vessels could have been used either as launch platforms or as decoys for the drones.

France and Japan hold joint military exercises in signal to China, Russia

EU sanctions

The European Union has sanctioned the Boracay. Brussels accuses it of transporting Russian crude oil and petroleum products using “irregular and high-risk maritime practices”.

Britain has also imposed sanctions, accusing the vessel of having participated in activities seeking to “destabilise Ukraine” or to support the Russian government’s oil trade.

The French navy has been monitoring the tanker off the Saint-Nazaire wind farm, and a patrol ship has been sent to watch it, the navy confirmed to local media ICI Loire Océan.

Marine Traffic data show the tanker left Primorsk on 20 September and was due to arrive in Vadinar in northwestern India on 20 October.

Turkey flexes naval muscles as neighbours fear escalating arms race

Clandestine fleet

Since the start of the war in Ukraine in 2022, Russia has been accused of using a clandestine “shadow fleet” of ageing tankers with opaque ownership and shifting identities to get around Western sanctions on its oil exports.

Le Figaro reported that a French warship tracked the Boracay along the Brittany coast before it anchored off Loire-Atlantique.

French authorities have not said whether the Brest investigation is directly linked to the Danish drone incidents.

The fledgling newsroom’s open-plan office sits within the new France Médias Monde (FMM) hub in the Senegalese capital of Dakar. An image of Blessing-Bili, a young singer from Congo-Brazzaville, looms large on one of its walls.

Cécile Goudou, ZOA’s deputy editor, is scrutinising subtitles, hunting for the slightest flaw. “I sometimes watch a video up to 10 times,” she laughs.

Although ZOA has only been posting content for a fortnight, its most popular videos have already racked up more than 800,000 views.

Joseph Kahongo Amutake is about to publish that day’s sports debate: “How does African cycling measure up internationally?” Several African commentators weigh in on the continent’s poor results at the World Cycling Championships.

“What I enjoy most is the dynamism we’re trying to bring to news,” says the 30-year-old Congolese journalist. “And being online, because that’s the platform young people prefer.”

Teenagers take centre stage at road world championships in Kigali

Bridge between generations

Amina Diop, a recent graduate of CESTI, one of Senegal’s top journalism schools, handles the Citizen Initiatives section.

She has just finished a feature on a young Beninese engineer who designed and built an electric scooter. “If another young person sees this story, they’ll think it’s possible to invent and innovate,” she says.

That’s why she joined ZOA – “to convey the positivity flowing through the continent and highlight the many initiatives that exist”.

For her, this means moving away from what she calls “misery journalism”. Her next story is on a Togolese fashion designer.

The channel’s mission is resolutely youthful and optimistic – but not naïve.

“ZOA tells Africa’s story from its roots, valuing those who built it, those who’re shaping it today and those imagining it tomorrow,” reads the colourful flyer announcing its launch.

Its mission: to amplify the voices of young Francophone Africans through fact-based reporting, grounded in human experience.

ZOA’s editor-in-chief, Kaourou Magassa, a journalist passionate about African cultures, likes to quote filmmaker Oumar Bayo Fall: “We are not the future, we are the present. We are also the bridge between our elders and the generations that will come after us.”

Combatting ‘fake’ news in Africa

Inspiring figures

ZOA’s first videos introduced audiences to a range of inspiring people: Aya Gueye, a former Miss Ziguinchor, who uses fashion to promote her culture and motivate young people; Ruffine Sonon, a 15-year-old Beninese athlete, who won the country’s first gold medal in the 800m at the African School Games, and Tening Faye, a young Senegalese taekwondo prodigy who has already won a world medal.

The channel also explores everyday topics… Could ataya tea – a staple of friendly gatherings – pose a health risk? How can families spot the signs of Alzheimer’s in ageing relatives? What are the real effects of sugar on health?

“The Health section is designed to produce explanatory videos on common and rare conditions,” explains Dikorou Cheick, the team’s health specialist.

“Our strength is that we inform with a relaxed tone. The idea is to provide preventative advice without frightening people, because once you’re aware of a condition, prevention becomes easy – and can even encourage recovery. Beyond that, we also want to showcase the progress made in healthcare across the continent.”

ZOA’s videos focus on daily life on the continent.

“For me, ZOA is a new approach, a new perspective,” says reporter Ibrahima Dramé. “We give the floor to ordinary Africans – people whose lives are not widely known, yet who are doing extraordinary things. That’s what makes my work here so important.

“With my mic and camera, I go everywhere: from Madina Ndiathbé in northern Senegal’s Fouta region, to Thiobon in Casamance in the south; from Pikine on Dakar’s outskirts to Koussanar in Tambacounda. I hand the mic to Senegalese voices that are rarely heard, even though they have a lot to say.”

From Goma to Cape Town, the young Congolese athlete pedalling for peace

No politics

ZOA distributes its content on all major social platforms – WhatsApp, TikTok, Facebook, YouTube and Instagram – in the form of videos, photos and infographics.

“ZOA will cover practically everything: health, sports, society, culture, entrepreneurship – except politics,” says Goudou. “We believe there’s already enough coverage of politics.”

Instead, the content is resolutely “magazine”. There are features such as When I was 20, which sees elders share life lessons with younger generations; What’s your daily life? in which ordinary people talk about their routines, and Citizen Initiatives, showcasing young people working for their communities.

There is also a Heritage strand, which highlights Africa’s cultural and historical legacy. “Maybe a young Ivorian doesn’t know the history of Dakar’s Monument of the Renaissance,” notes Goudou. “Through this section, those are the kinds of stories we want to tell.”

Young Senegalese forced abroad by dual economic and political crises

Editorial independence

While ZOA is based alongside RFI’s Mandenkan and Fulfulde services in FMM’s Dakar hub, the new channel has its own distinctive style.

“RFI and France 24 provide us with technical and financial support, but editorially we’re independent,” says Magassa. “We have our own productions, our own editorial meetings and we choose our topics entirely on our own.”

The Dakar newsroom is home to 10 journalists from five African countries, with an equal number of men and women.

“The average age is 28,” notes Magassa. “So yes, we too are young Africans. This isn’t just about talking to young Africans – we are young ourselves, and we want to tell our own stories.”

The team works with a network of correspondents in 11 countries, because, as the editor-in-chief notes: “It’s vital to be as close as possible to the people – and to their stories.”

This article was adapted from the original in French.

The centre-right coalition pushed the bill through parliament on Tuesday with support from all right-wing parties. Left-wing parties voted against it.

An earlier version passed in July was blocked by the Constitutional Court. Lawmakers returned with amendments addressing the most critical points found to be in violation of the constitution.

Government spokesman Antonio Leitao Amaro said before the vote that “the time of irresponsible immigration is over”, adding that Portugal needed to control and regulate flows in order to integrate with humanity.

Far right gains in Portuguese polls as PM holds on

Tighter family rules, work visas

The law sets a two-year period of legal residence before immigrants can apply to bring in spouses.

Couples who were together for more than a year before moving can apply after a year. Children under 18 and dependants with disabilities can join regardless of the applicant’s residency period.

Job-search visas will be reserved for highly skilled workers. Another measure ends a pathway that had allowed Brazilians – the country’s largest immigrant group, with over 450,000 people – to regularise their status after entering on tourist visas.

Lawmakers are still debating changes to the rules for acquiring Portuguese nationality.

How Portugal’s Carnation Revolution changed the fate of its colonies in Africa

Rights groups angry

“This approval, hand in hand with Chega, is truly another stab in the back for the constitution of the Portuguese republic, for all European human rights conventions, and for the fundamental charter of human rights,” Mariana Carneiro of the non-profit SOS Racismo told RFI.

“It is a blatant attack against the people who choose to live here and work here.”

Amaro said the reform “ensures that the right balance is struck – neither with doors wide open to immigrants, nor closed” as the government seeks to link migration more closely to labour market needs.

Portugal, a country of about 10.5 million people, has seen immigration rise fast in recent years.

Official figures show more than 1.5 million foreign citizens were legally living there by the end of 2024 – about 15 percent of the population.

The reforms reflect a wider trend across Europe, where governments have tightened immigration rules as far-right parties gain influence.

Watching his latest film, It Was Just an Accident, screened for the first time at Cannes before an international audience, Jafar Panahi was overcome with tears of joy.

For 15 years, he had been unable to experience a film of his with the public, owing to a travel ban imposed by the Iranian authorities.

“I could really see how the public and the crew were reacting, when they laughed and when they felt emotion and that’s fundamental for a filmmaker,” he told RFI after the première at the Cannes Film Festival in May.

The sensation was amplified when he was announced winner of the Palme d’Or on 24 May – the highest honour of the event.

In a moving speech, he defended freedom of expression, declaring: “No one should dare tell us what kind of clothes we should wear, what we should do or what we should not do. The cinema is a society”.

Once the applause in Cannes subsided, however, it was time to return and face the reality of the situation.

Although available to audiences worldwide, Panahi’s film will not be seen by Iranians at home – one of the filmmaker’s biggest regrets.

A portrait of contemporary Iranian society, It Was Just an Accident recounts how five Iranians prepare to confront a man who could be their former jailor.

One dark night, there’s a minor car accident. From that point, the characters are thrown together, forced to relive their trauma, and take action. Despite the dark tone of the film, there are moments of humour and tenderness. 

Panahi wrote the parts based on his own experience and the information gleaned from other prisoner’s testimonies – some of whom had spent decades in jail.

The director has been jailed twice, most recently for seven months in 2022 -2023. He was released after a hunger strike.

Despite the danger in pursuing his work, he said it was important to bring these stories out into the open.

The common point among the characters was the pyschological torture they experienced. They were all blindfolded and interrogated by someone, standing behind them – which made them wonder – who is this man ? How old is he ?

Cannes 2025 ends on a high as director Jafar Panahi claims the Palme d’Or

The question Panahi asks the audience a moral one: what would you do if you recognised your jailor in the street?

“It’s not just about vengeance or forgiveness,” Panahi told France 24.

He points to when the notorious Evin prison was bombed by Israel (in June 2025) and the interrogation wing was destroyed.

Some of the prisoners escaped, but theyalso helped prison guards who were buried under the rubble.

“They could have had vengeance, but it depends on the situation,” he says. “In that moment, being human overcame the need for vengeance. You can’t predict how you would act in certain circumstances.”

‘Guerilla cinema’

One thing is certain, Panahi who has made dozens of films, most of them illegally, has perfected the art of “guerilla cinema”.

You have to make films “very fast, with a low budget and a small crew”, he says.

It Was Just an Accident was shot in 25 days, with an interruption of around a month near the end because the authorities caught up with them. 

Surreal Canadian comedy shifts between Farsi and French to defy borders

Despite an extensive search, they didn’t find the footage because the crew had carefully hidden it. Panahi managed to wrap up the last two days of shooting in one day.

He has been banned for the last 20 years from making films by the Iranian authorities, but this has not dampened his spirit, nor his desire to keep trying to find a way to tell his stories.

“Living in Iran is like being in prison, when you’re told what to think and believe, what you’re supposed to wear and eat – all of that within the framework of an ideology. You leave the small prison, only to find you’re inside a larger one,” he said.

Turning a page

Despite criticism from the regime – who said the film only won a prize because “foreign secret service agents wanted to promote it” –  Panahi says he could never see himself living in exile as he loves his homeland too much. 

He feels heartened by the changes he’s witnessed Iranian society in the past few years, thanks to the Women,Life, Freedom protests and he feels a “page has turned”.

“A regime like this can’t last forever, even if we don’t know exactly when it will fall. We can see that the roots are not strong, it’s an empty shell.

“The regime may still have power, but all the foundations linked to Iranian society have eroded, it’s rotten from the inside and they’re only digging their own graves.”

Thousands of police are on high alert, civilian drones have been banned and NATO allies have sent reinforcements as the continent converges on Copenhagen for the long-planned talks, followed by a broader gathering of European leaders Thursday.

Denmark – which holds the EU’s rotating presidency – has been rattled in recent days as unidentified drones shut down airports and flew near military sites.

Nordic neighbours as well as allies from the United States to Ukraine have dispatched anti-drone technology and specialists to bolster Denmark’s capabilities ahead of the summit talks.

Suspicions have pointed at Russia for what Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen called a “hybrid attack” – but so far no culprit has been definitively named.

Nonetheless the drone incidents have sharpened the focus on the chinks in Europe’s defences after high-profile air incursions by Moscow in Poland and Estonia.

French military to help counter drones over Denmark ahead of EU summit

EU leaders meeting in the Danish capital are looking to flesh out details for priority projects, including a “drone wall” aimed at countering Russia’s threat.

Defence ministers from some 10 countries mostly along the EU’s eastern flank last week kicked off talks on the plan to build a system of defences to detect, and ultimately take down, drones.

The EU is looking to tap the war-tested expertise of Ukraine, whose President Volodymyr Zelensky will join for Thursday’s gathering of the European Political Community.

“Europe must deliver a strong and united response to Russia’s drone incursions at our borders,” EU chief Ursula von der Leyen said Tuesday.

Wednesday’s discussion is the latest step in the EU’s efforts to get ready for a potential conflict with Russia by 2030 – as warnings swirl Moscow could look to attack in the coming years.

Leaders will seek to lay out a roadmap for addressing Europe’s most pressing defence needs as confidence wavers in US backing under President Donald Trump.

The 27-nation bloc has already come up with a 150-billion-euro loan scheme to help fund defence spending, with the lion’s share being snapped up by eastern countries.

Brussels has proposed countries now club together on four “flagship” projects – the drone wall, securing the eastern flank, missile defences and a space “shield”.

Tapping Russian frozen assets?

But while the EU looks to prepare for a possible future war, a crucial pressing issue is how to help finance Ukraine as it tackles Moscow’s ongoing invasion.

“Putin wants to have us talking about ourselves, not about Ukraine, not about helping Ukraine, not to push back Russia in Ukraine,” Estonian Prime Minister Kristen Michal told AFP in an interview on the eve of the summit.

Leaders will pick over a proposal from Brussels to use frozen Russian central bank assets to fund a new 140-billion-euro loan for Kyiv.

That push could face resistance from Belgium, where most of the assets are held, but it is seen as crucial to help Kyiv plug looming budget shortfalls.

As US support for Ukraine has dried up under Trump, the plan last week won the backing of key powerbroker, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz.

France warns it could go it alone as European fighter jet project stalls

Officials say they hope to get a green light from leaders to continue work on the plan.

“The positions are not necessarily black and white, no and yes, some may say that they could ponder going down that road if certain conditions are met,” a senior EU official said.

Beyond the push to keep Ukraine going financially, officials are also trying to keep Kyiv’s bid to join the EU on track despite a block from Hungarian leader Viktor Orban.

Russia-friendly Orban has been flexing his veto to stop negotiations with Ukraine from progressing.

European Council chief Antonio Costa, who chairs the summit, has been canvassing support for a plan that would mean countries cannot veto each new step of talks.

“No leader to this day has replied with a total ‘no’, in a totally negative way to this idea,” the EU official said.

But it appears it would be a stretch – and need the consent of Orban and all the other leaders.

Hundreds of mostly young demonstrators gathered in the southern towns of Inzegane, Ait Amira and Tiznit, in the eastern city of Oujda and in Temara near the capital Rabat.

Witnesses and local media reported stone-throwing, burning cars and attacks on police vehicles.

Footage shared by local outlets showed masked protesters setting fire to a bank in Inzegane and torching cars.

In Ait Amira, demonstrators overturned police vehicles and burned down a bank. Witnesses told Reuters that in Tiznit dozens of youths hurled stones at officers who tried to disperse the rally.

State news agency MAP reported that a protester in Oujda was seriously injured after being hit by a security forces’ car.

In Rabat, police arrested dozens of young people as they tried to begin chanting slogans in a densely populated neighbourhood, a Reuters witness reported.

Moroccans protest ship suspected of carrying US fighter jet parts to Israel

Arrests, injuries

The Moroccan Association for Human Rights (AMDH), a local rights group, said 37 youths were released on bail pending an investigation. It said more than 200 mostly young demonstrators had been arrested in Rabat in recent days, although most were later freed.

Hakim Sikouk, head of AMDH’s Rabat branch, condemned the arrests as unconstitutional.

In Casablanca, 24 protesters who blocked a highway on Sunday were placed under judicial investigation, the public prosecutor said.

The president of a child protection association, Najat Anouar, was detained as she spoke to reporters and freed two hours later.

“I came here to investigate allegations that the under-age have been arrested and got arrested myself,” she told Reuters.

Morocco extradites head of notorious Marseille drug gang to France

Anger over inequality

The protests were organised online by a loosely formed youth group called GenZ 212 using TikTok, Instagram and the gaming app Discord.

In a statement posted late on Tuesday on its Facebook page, the group expressed “regret over acts of rioting or vandalism that affected public or private property” and urged participants to stay peaceful and avoid actions that could “undermine the legitimacy of our just demands”.

The movement has grown out of frustration over poor public services and social inequality. Protesters have criticised the government for spending on stadiums for the 2030 Fifa World Cup while hospitals and schools struggle.

“Stadiums are here, but where are the hospitals?” protesters chanted at the weekend.

“We want a better health system and accountability,” 25-year-old Brahim told Reuters in Rabat before fleeing as police moved in to break up the protest.

Morocco’s unemployment rate stands at 12.8 percent, with youth unemployment at 35.8 percent and 19 percent among university graduates, according to the national statistics agency.

Morocco moves to reform laws on underage marriage, polygamy and child custody

Hospital deaths

Public anger has deepened following reports that eight pregnant women died recently at a public hospital in Agadir. Rights groups say the case has become a symbol of the country’s underfunded health services.

“The arrests confirm the crackdown on free voices and restriction of the right to freedom of expression,” AMDH said in a statement.

The protests have highlighted frustration among young Moroccans and women who feel excluded from the country’s economic progress.

Protesters charged

Prosecutors have charged 37 protesters, most of whom are free on bail, with trials due to start on 7 October, lawyer Souad Brahma told AFP. Three others remain in detention.

In Casablanca, prosecutors have opened an investigation into 18 people accused of obstructing traffic during a weekend protest, MAP reported, adding that six minors were referred to a specialised court.

Morocco’s governing coalition, made up of centre-right and liberal parties, said it was “ready to respond positively and responsibly” to the demands of young protesters. It praised what it called “the balanced reaction of security authorities in line with relevant legal procedures”.

The interior ministry has not commented publicly on the unrest.

GenZ 212 has vowed to keep pushing for health and education reforms as well as action against corruption while maintaining its “love for the homeland”.

(with newswires)

Neutrinos are sometimes called “ghost particles.” They have almost no mass, carry no electric charge, and rarely interact with anything at all. Trillions of them pass through your body every second without leaving a trace. Catching even one requires a detector on an extraordinary scale — which is exactly what researchers in the KM3NeT project are creating.

“These are very different types of telescopes,” explained Paschal Coyle, spokesperson for KM3NeT and research director at the Marseille Particle Physics Centre. “Normal telescopes look up at the sky and collect light. Our telescopes look down through the Earth to detect neutrinos. From the Mediterranean, our best view is actually of the sky above Australia — seen through the planet itself.”

France takes record for longest lightning bolt

Two detectors are under construction:

• ORCA, near Toulon, France, sits 2.5 kilometers underwater. It will help scientists study how neutrinos change from one type to another as they travel through space.

• ARCA, off the coast of Sicily, Italy, is even deeper at 3.5 kilometers. Its mission is to hunt for neutrinos from extreme cosmic events such as exploding stars, colliding galaxies, or black holes.

Each telescope is built from long strings holding hundreds of glass spheres. Inside the spheres are ultra-sensitive photodetectors that can spot the tiniest flash of light.

“When a neutrino finally collides with matter, it creates a charged particle that gives off a burst of blue light in the water,” Coyle said. “Our detectors are sensitive enough to catch that flash.”

Earlier this year, the ARCA detector captured the highest-energy neutrino ever observed — a sign of just how powerful this new tool may become. By mapping where these ghostly particles come from, scientists hope to uncover the sources of cosmic rays and gain new insights into some of the most energetic processes in the universe.

World’s first zero-particle ship sets sail in the Mediterranean

For now, the telescopes are still being built, but their promise is enormous. By listening for whispers of light deep under the sea, scientists may soon unlock secrets written across the cosmos — carried to Earth by particles that almost never leave a trace.

Of the hundreds of people evacuated from Gaza to France since the conflict in the enclave broke out in October 2023, 73 have come as part of a partly state-funded humanitarian programme known as Pause.

Run by the prestigious Collège de France research institute, Pause provides special one-year visas to artists and scientists in danger.  

Since 2017, it has supported more than 700 people from more than 40 countries, including Ukraine, Syria and Afghanistan. For Palestinians in Gaza, it represents one of the few pathways to safety. 

‘A life jacket’

“The Pause programme was literally a life jacket for us,” says Abu Joury, a well-known Gazan rapper who arrived in the town of Angers in western France in January, with his wife and three children.

Sponsored by a local organisation, Al Khamanjati, he has been able to provide financial stability and security for his family – something he says has become impossible in Gaza.

But that life jacket is no longer available.

On 1 August, Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot announced that “no evacuation of any kind” would take place until further notice.

The trigger was a Palestinian student at Sciences Po Lille who was accused of sharing antisemitic statements in 2023, and was subsequently expelled to Qatar. 

The student was not part of the Pause programme, but the decision to halt all evacuations has left more than 120 people – 25 approved candidates and their families – stranded in what the UN has described as genocidal conditions. 

France halts Gaza evacuations over antisemitic posts by Palestinian student

“They’ve been waiting for months and are sending us constant messages calling for help,” says Marion Gués Lucchini, head of international diplomacy for the Pause programme. “They’re saying: ‘why are we being condemned for comments made by just one person? Why have we been abandoned?'”

The decision is unprecedented, Gués Lucchini says. “Because of a single person, all the others are condemned to remain in Gaza.

“We’ve been around for eight years. We’ve had people from all over the world, including countries where there may be sensitivities – Russia, Iran and so on. We’ve never had a security problem, we’ve never had anyone who was supposedly close to a terrorist group. Never.” 

She adds that all Pause candidates are subject to rigorous screening by four different ministries, including security checks by the Interior Ministry.

Listen to an audio report featuring Abu Joury and Mathieu Yon on the Spotlight of France podcast:

‘Collective punishment’ 

After President Emmanuel Macron recognised Palestinian statehood at the UN on Monday, the French government now faces mounting pressure to reinstate evacuations.  

A collective of Palestinian and migrant rights groups has filed a case with the Conseil d’Etat – France’s top court – claiming the suspension of evacuations for Gazans is in breach of the constitution.

Last week, some 20 acclaimed writers, including French Nobel laureates Annie Ernaux and J.M.G. Le Clézio, called on Macron to “restore this lifeline” as soon as possible. 

“This suspension of evacuation programmes on the basis of one case of a racist social media post is a form of collective punishment at a time when all signatories to the Genocide Convention should be doing their utmost to save Palestinians from annihilation and should refuse to be complicit in crimes against humanity,” they wrote in an open letter.

While evacuating only writers, artists and researchers was “inadequate and even cruel in the context of the killings and destruction in Gaza”, they underlined that “today this programme is one of the only ways by which a few people in Gaza can be saved from genocide, a part of which is scholasticide”.

The authors called on France to “follow through on its proclaimed humanist values”.

Israeli ambassador slams French recognition of Palestine as ‘historic mistake’ on RFI

‘I fear for my friend’

Mathieu Yon, a 48-year-old fruit farmer from southern France, has become an unlikely advocate for Palestinian evacuation rights.

On Wednesday he took up position on a bench in front of the Foreign Ministry holding a sign addressed to Barrot: “Monsieur le ministre, resume the reception of Gazans.”

Around six months ago, Yon struck up a friendship with Gazan poet Alaa al-Qatrawi after reading her poem “I’m not well”, about losing her four children in an Israeli bombing in December 2023.

“She lost her four children and yet she’s still full of love and without any anger or aggression,” he says. “I fear for my dear friend.”

He, his wife and two friends have raised the necessary €48,000 to cover al-Qatrawi’s year-long residency.

They have work and accommodation lined up for her in their home town of Dieulefit, north of Avignon. “Everything is in place,” Yon said, hoping that his protest will see her file, handed in on 26 August, treated as a matter of urgency.

As Gaza aid flotilla comes under attack, NGOs urge Europe to act

From a refugee camp in Gaza, al-Qatrawi describes the constant danger: “Every Palestinian living now in Gaza is at risk of being killed at any second and in any place you can think of. You are exposed to assassination attempts throughout the day. And if you survive, you think about how you are going to survive the next day.” 

Her four children – Orchid, Kenan, Yamen and Carmel – were killed on 13 December, 2023. “There was a cordon around the area. The occupation [by the Israeli army] prevented ambulances from arriving,” she told RFI’s sister radio station MCD. 

The Ma’an collective, which helps Pause applicants, reports receiving increasingly desperate messages from Gaza.

“These are no longer calls for help, but testaments and farewells,” it said in a statement. One read: “I am writing to you, and maybe my last words. We are starving and losing everything around us.” 

Ahmed Shamia, an architect who had been accepted by the Pause programme, was killed in bombardments on 1 May this year, just days before he was due to be evacuated.

“It was very difficult for us all,” says Gués Lucchini. “It was the first time [someone selected for] the programme had died.”

Conflating Gazans with terrorists

Gués Lucchini laments that a programme offering a lifeline to scientists and artists has become a target for the far right, with Pause dealing with online attacks.

“These accounts created the controversy surrounding the student [in Lille], which led to the suspension of the evacuations. Since then there have been other smear campaigns against [people selected for] the Pause programme. It’s clear there is a desire to confuse aid and support for Gazans – scientists, artists and others – with support for a terrorist group.”

The French Sunday newspaper Le Journal du Dimanche, which has a controversial far-right editor, recently accused Pause of “opening the door to Hamas”.

Yon, who has Jewish ancestry and whose great-uncle was deported to Auschwitz, rejects any suggestion that Gazans pose an inherent security risk. “There are antisemitic people in Gaza. But I think there are in France, too. There are in all countries, not especially in Gaza.”

He added: “This is a collective punishment without any kind of justice. In France we have the principle of presumption of innocence, but this is presumption of guilt.”

France’s Foreign Ministry has not commented publicly on when evacuations of Gazans will resume. But a diplomatic source told RFI: “Since the Israeli authorities have suspended evacuations, no operation is possible at this stage.”

French services are effectively dependent on local authorities, in this case Israel, who grant or deny exit permits based on lists submitted by the French authorities.

Macron on Gaza and Ukraine: diplomacy, hostages and European security at stake

Race against time 

For those still waiting, time is running out. “Every day that passes is another day that we take the risk that someone supported by a French national programme will die,” Gués Lucchini warns. 

Joury could be considered one of the lucky ones. But despite finding safety and a “very warm welcome” in France,  he remains haunted by those left behind – especially his mother and brother, who didn’t manage to reach Egypt before Israel closed the Rafah crossing.

“I’m physically out. But my mind is still in Gaza. My mother and my brother, I’m thinking of them all the time. My soul is still in Gaza,” he said.

As Yon continues his vigil outside the Foreign Ministry, he reflects on how hard it was to tell al-Qatrawi evacuations had been halted.

“She said, ‘even if it doesn’t happen, this relationship, this poetry exists. Even if the result is sad for our life, all of this poetry, all of this love, all of this kindness is real’.  

“This relationship has a value in itself,” Yon concludes. A lifeline of friendship – but no life jacket.

Republican time began on 22 September, 1792. Gone were the eras BC and AD – the new France needed a new calendar, one that no longer counted years from the birth of Jesus or was paced by Christian holidays.

It was the first day of the “era of liberty”.

One of the most ambitious reforms of the Revolution, it would also prove to be one of the shortest lived.

Symbolic beginnings

People had been talking about an epochal shift since the storming of the Bastille in July 1789, but it took another three years for legislators to found the First Republic, and a year after that to switch to the Republican calendar.

Adopted on 5 October, 1793, it was backdated to begin the day after the proclamation of the Republic – which, by coincidence, was also the day of that year’s autumn equinox.

The committee of politicians, mathematicians, astronomers and geographers tasked with designing the new calendar latched on to the symbolism of day and night reaching equal lengths, just as equality was being enshrined as the founding value of the new Republic.

They declared the new year would begin on every autumn equinox from then on. 

La Bastille – medieval symbol of oppression, modern symbol of liberty

Making a decimal point

A Republican year measured the same as those before it – 365 days, or 366 in leap years – divided into 12 months. 

But its months all had 30 days, followed by five to six days at the end of the year making up the difference. Each month was split into three blocks of 10 days that replaced the seven-day week, dubbed décades. 

Days were named sequentially: a décade started with primidi (“first day”) and ended with décadi (“tenth day”), the designated day of rest.

It chimed with a broader quest for more “rational” ways of measuring. The same era saw France adopt the metric system and a decimal currency, the franc.

The Metre Convention: a milestone that’s changed modern life immeasurably

It even attempted to decimalise the days themselves. Along with the Republican calendar came decimal time, which divides days into 10 hours instead of 24. Each hour lasts 100 minutes and each minute 100 seconds.

The change didn’t stick. It was mandatory on official documents for a few months, but the majority of the population never changed their clocks.

The natural world

The Republican calendar wasn’t all logic. Poet Fabre d’Eglantine was responsible for naming the new dates, and he sought to put the natural world at their heart.

Months were named for the season’s weather and crops, with the year starting in autumn in Vendémiaire (from vendange, the grape harvest) and ending in summer in Fructidor (fruit).

In winter, Nivôse (snow) gave way to Pluviôse (rain), and in spring Germinal (germination) was followed by Floréal (flowers). 

Fabre d’Eglantine also replaced the calendar of saints with an almanac of “objects that make up the true riches of the nation” – flowers, fruits, trees, animals and farm tools.

The first day of the Republican year, 1 Vendémiaire, was the day of grapes. The days that followed honoured chestnuts, horses, carrots and parsnips. 

“As the calendar is something that we use so often, we must take advantage of this frequency of use to put elementary notions of agriculture before the people – to show the richness of nature, to make them love the fields,” wrote Fabre d’Eglantine in his report to legislators.

This too was typical of the age. Nature took on the weight of a religion during the Revolutionary period, according to historian Julien Vincent of Panthéon-Sorbonne University. 

“Nature became a value – not only financial, but also religious and moral,” he told RFI. 

Loss of holidays

The loss of the Christian calendar, though, left a gap nothing could fill: holidays. 

People now had to work nine days in a row before getting a day off, and since the break was no longer necessarily a Sunday, many workers found themselves unable to go to church. 

Instead of more than a dozen religious holidays scattered throughout the year, the only official celebrations were a handful of memorable dates from the Revolution.

There were also the five or six bonus days clustered at the end of the year, and dedicated to wholesome Republican values such as virtue, labour and reason. 

The summer France got its first paid leave and learned to holiday

People resented the upending of centuries-old cycles of work, rest and worship.

While, at first, authorities vigorously tried to enforce the Republican calendar, even to the point of forbidding newspapers from giving the “old” date alongside the new, within a few years the public and politicians alike were lamenting the loss of the old ways.

Critics pointed out that starting the year on the autumn equinox, which varies each year, threw off the calculation of leap years.

Meanwhile, the natural rhythms the calendar supposedly tapped into belonged only to the north of mainland France, leaving warmer parts of the country perpetually out of synch. 

And most inconveniently of all, the system put France on a different calendar to the rest of the world.

How Republican time ran out

When Napoleon Bonaparte took power in 1799, it was the beginning of the end for Republican time. 

After he allowed the church to regain some of its former sway, the Republic did away with the 10-day week so that workers could once more take Sundays off. Then four Christian holidays were reinstated. 

Soon the new calendar was just a formality, an extra line on official documents. On 9 September, 1805, little more than 12 years after it was introduced, the Republican calendar was officially retired.

It would return under the short-lived Paris Commune insurrection of 1871 – for all of 18 days. Since then, few have argued for reviving it, although it turns up occasionally on novelty calendars or anarchist newsletters.

But in the main the Republican calendar serves merely as a reminder of the limits of reform: there’s only so much you can overthrow, even in revolutionary France.

“I’m struck by the silence of the Russian press on the latest events in Gaza,” says Jean de Gliniasty, research director at the French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs (Iris) and a former ambassador to Moscow. “So far, there’s been no strong reaction.”

Yet Moscow’s involvement in the Middle East crisis goes back decades, and it has played a significant role.

In 1948, the Soviet Union became the first state to recognise Israel, which at the time appeared to have socialist leanings – partly in hopes of speeding up Britain’s withdrawal from Palestine.

However, as Israel grew closer to the West and with the rise of Arab nationalism, the Kremlin switched tack, forging close ties with Palestinian resistance groups.

By 1988, the USSR had become one of the earliest countries to recognise Palestine.

Russia’s Putin searches for allies in meeting with Iranian and Turkish leaders

Russian diaspora

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia tried to keep doors open on all sides – with Israel, the Palestinians and the wider Arab world.

The controls that had previously prevented Russian Jews from emigrating were lifted. And for more than 75 years, Russia has advocated a two-state solution and the implementation of United Nations resolutions on the Israeli-Palestinian issue.

When he was elected president in 2000, Vladimir Putin cultivated warm relations with Israel, which is home to 1.3 million Russian speakers – representing 15 percent of the population and making Russian the third most common native language in Israel after Hebrew and Arabic.

He struck up personal ties with prime ministers Ariel Sharon and, later, Benjamin Netanyahu.

“During his various terms as prime minister, Benyamin Netanyahu has visited Moscow no less than four times, more than any other capital city – except, of course, Washington,” says David Rigoulet-Roze, a researcher at the French Institute for Strategic Analysis.

“Some of these meetings even took place during the civil war in Syria, when the Israeli army was regularly bombing pro-Iranian militias and Iran’s Al-Quds force, despite the fact that Iran was Russia’s ally in Syria. Moscow pretended not to know what was going on, much to Tehran’s dismay.”

At the same time, Putin has shown his support for the Palestinian cause. In 2022, his foreign minister welcomed former Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh, in an attempt to capitalise on his role as mediator and on Russia’s return as a new power in the Middle East.

‘A turning point’

However, the Hamas attacks on Israel on 7 October 2023, followed by the devastating war in Gaza, have shifted the dynamics.

“This was a turning point,” said Rigoulet-Roze. “The depth of the ties that had existed until then between Israel and Russia is beginning to be called into question due to Moscow’s continued relations with Hamas.”

The Kremlin received a delegation from the group on 26 October 2023, barely three weeks after the massacre, he noted. Israel denounced this as an “act of support for terrorism”, while the Kremlin insisted the visit was about securing the release of Russian-born hostages.

Putin waited several days before offering condolences to Israeli families, and the Kremlin criticised Israel’s “indiscriminate” bombing of Gaza, sparking the fury of Netanyahu – who had always treated Putin carefully due to the situation in Syria.

Moscow then called for a ceasefire, tabled a UN Security Council resolution – vetoed by Washington – and revived talk of the long-dormant Quartet, established in 2002 to facilitate the Middle-East Peace Process negotiations and involving the UN, the European Union, Russia and the United States.

For Rigoulet-Roze: “Russia has felt somewhat marginalised since the launch of its war in Ukraine. It would like to get back in the game. The Quartet was, in a way, the format of the great powers of the Cold War era, for which Vladimir Putin paradoxically feels a kind of nostalgia. It was a kind of consensus for a process that would lead to the implementation of the two-state solution.”

Macron, Putin discuss Iran, Ukraine in first talks since 2022

Between Tel Aviv and Tehran

In February 2024, Moscow hosted numerous delegations from Palestinian organisations, including the Palestinian Authority, Islamic Jihad and Hamas – for whom the support of a member of the UN Security Council is essential.

In January 2024, the Russian deputy minister of foreign affairs also received a delegation of Houthis from Yemen.

At the same time, the Kremlin continued to forge closer ties with Iran, Hezbollah, the Emirates and Saudi Arabia – all hostile to Israel.

Yet links with Israel remain. Daily flights connect Moscow and Tel Aviv, and Russia sees its large diaspora there as an important lever of influence.

However, the collapse of Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria in December 2024 has weakened Moscow’s hand in this regard; without a reliable ally in Damascus, Russia has lost much of its regional leverage.

According to Rigoulet-Roze: “From that moment on, Moscow’s geopolitical position weakened. On the Israeli side, Moscow also lost importance. From the moment Assad fell, in a way, the implicit deal with Putin on Syria was strategically devalued because Israel no longer needed Moscow’s tacit agreement to carry out military strikes against anything that could be seen as maintaining a pro-Iranian presence.”

Russia, Iran harden military and trade ties in new pact

Moscow’s motives

Moscow’s shift in its hitherto moderate approach to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is motivated partly by the desire to divert attention from the war in Ukraine. Russia also wants to take a stand against the US, which unconditionally supports Israel – with Putin calling the 7 October attacks and their aftermath “a clear failure of US policy”.

The Kremlin hopes to win favour in the Global South too, particularly in Africa, where rhetoric about ending Western colonialism – particularly French – plays well.

Flexing its muscles in the Middle East is a way for Moscow to remind the world that it’s still a global player. “All the skill of Russian diplomacy, which is real, which is very good, is not enough to compensate for the considerable weakening of the country,” points out de Gliniasty.

“They are losing ground in Central Asia and the Caucasus, and the agreement signed in Washington between Azerbaijan and Armenia is a slap in the face for Russia. So they are seeking to remind the world, as much as possible, of the global nature of their power.”

By maintaining good relations with Hamas, Moscow is also seeking to ensure it does not support Islamist groups within Russia – which is home to nearly 30 million Muslims.

Some made their voices heard at the end of October 2023 when they stormed the tarmac at the airport in Makhachkala, capital of the Muslim-majority Russian republic of Dagestan, after the arrival of a flight from Israel was announced.

Bridge builder?

Later this year, Putin plans to host the first Russian-Arab summit in Moscow, hoping to showcase Russia as a bridge builder and power broker, and inviting the leaders of all Arab League member states to participate.

“It remains to be seen which countries will actually attend and at what level of representation,” Rigoulet-Roze told RFI. “He wants to reposition himself in the Middle East and maintain a foothold in the region, because the fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime has largely pushed him out of the game.”

In this regard, it is no coincidence that Syria’s new president, Ahmed al-Sharaa, has been invited to the event.

However, according to de Gliniasty: “The problem is that Arabs are even less responsive than Westerners to what is happening in the Gaza Strip.

“If there were suddenly a chorus of protests from the Arab side, the Russians would probably raise their voices. They are very much aligned with Saudi Arabia because Riyadh controls the price of oil, which is vital for the Russians. So if Saudi Arabia raises its voice, the Russians will do the same.”

This article was adapted from the original French version by RFI’s Anne Bernas.

Since its creation in 1981, the event, which takes place every second year, has brought together kite enthusiasts from around the world. This year they have come from as far afield as Russia, Israel, Malaysia, Indonesia and Canada.

“In today’s geopolitical climate, that’s important,” Gérard Clément, artistic director of the festival, told RFI. “We don’t want to get caught in conflicts that aren’t ours. That’s why we always say [there are] no borders in the sky. The wind unites us.”

For Clément, another thing that makes Dieppe’s festival special is its enduring commitment to artistic creation. 

“We’ve stayed true to the festival’s original spirit. While kites have become more commercial and visually spectacular elsewhere, we continue to focus on creativity,” he said.

This year, only artists who design and build their own kites were invited to participate.

Archaeological discoveries

Kite flying has a long and complex history, with its origins most commonly traced back to China more than 2,000 years ago.

But recent archaeological discoveries in Indonesia suggest the practice may be even older and more widespread than previously thought.

“It’s possible the Chinese didn’t invent the kite,” Clément says cautiously. “There’s evidence of kite-like images in cave paintings on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Maybe during their voyages, the Chinese discovered and developed the tradition further.”

In Asia the tradition of using natural materials for kite construction such as paper and bamboo continues, while in the West there is a focus on modern, synthetic materials such as fibreglass and carbon fibre or spinnaker cloth – two approaches Clément says co-exist in Dieppe.

‘Talibanned’: From kite-running to breakdancing, Afghan pastimes again under threat

‘A rich tradition’

Among the artists featured at this year’s festival is Kadek Armika, an Indonesian kite flyer from Bali whose work bridges tradition and modernity.

“Kadek’s creations are deeply rooted in Balinese culture. But as an architect who has travelled widely, he also brings a modern, even Western influence into his work. He manages to preserve the Balinese spirit and craftsmanship while incorporating contemporary design,” said Clément.

While kite designs vary around the world, some shapes are commonly seen across various cultures. 

“In North Africa and around the Mediterranean, there is a rich tradition of kite flying,” Clément said.

“You’ll find hexagonal kites with long tails in Spain, called ‘cometas‘. The same shape appears in Greece, Lebanon, across the whole Mediterranean basin, even in Egypt.”

Clément says that no matter where the participants have come from, the festival provides a unique opportunity.

“For one week, we step away from the news, the conflicts and the noise.”

Embroiled in legal problems since losing the 2012 election, Sarkozy, 70, had already been convicted in two separate cases but managed to avoid going to jail.

But after a judge sentenced him on Thursday to five years for criminal conspiracy over a scheme to find funding from Libya‘s then-leader Moamer Kadhadi for his 2007 campaign, Sarkozy appeared to acknowledge that this time he will go behind bars.

Prosecutors have one month to inform Sarkozy when he must report to jail, a measure that will remain in force despite his promised appeal.

“I will assume my responsibilities, I will comply with court summonses, and if they absolutely want me to sleep in prison, I will sleep in prison but with my head held high,” he told reporters after the verdict.

“I am innocent. This injustice is a scandal. I will not accuse myself of something I did not do,” he added, declaring that hatred towards him “definitely has no limits”.

The drama and defiance were typical of Sarkozy, who is still seen by some supporters on the right as a dynamic saviour of his country but by detractors as a vulgar populist mired in corruption.

France’s Sarkozy ordered to serve prison time in historic first

‘Won’t hear about me anymore’

Born on January 28, 1955, the football fanatic and cycling enthusiast is an atypical French politician.

The son of a Hungarian immigrant father, Sarkozy has a law degree but unlike most of his peers did not attend the exclusive Ecole Nationale d’Administration, the well-worn production line for future French leaders.

After winning the presidency at age 52, he was initially seen as injecting a much-needed dose of dynamism, making a splash on the international scene and wooing the corporate world. He took a hard line on immigration, security and national identity.

But Sarkozy’s presidency was overshadowed by the 2008 financial crisis, and he left the Elysee with the lowest popularity ratings of any postwar French leader up to then.

Few in France have forgotten his visit to the 2008 agriculture show in Paris, when he said “get lost, dumbass” to a man who refused to shake his hand.

Sarkozy failed to win a second mandate in 2012 in a run-off against Socialist Francois Hollande, a bruising defeat over which he remains embittered more than a decade on.

The 2012 defeat made Sarkozy the first president since Valery Giscard d’Estaing (1974-1981) to be denied a second term, prompting him to famously promise: “You won’t hear about me anymore.”

That prediction turned out to be anything but true, given his marriage to superstar musician and model Carla Bruni and a return to frontline politics. But the latter ended when he failed to win his party’s nomination for another crack at the presidency in 2017.

The series of legal woes left Sarkozy a behind-the-scenes political player, far from the limelight in which he once basked, although he has retained influence on the right and is known to meet President Emmanuel Macron.

But Sarkozy is tainted by a number of unwanted firsts: while his predecessor and mentor Jacques Chirac was also convicted of graft, Sarkozy was the first postwar French former head of state to be convicted twice and the first to be formally given jail terms.

Already stripped of the Legion of Honour, France’s highest distinction, he will now be the first French head of state to go to jail since Philippe Petain, France’s nominal leader during the Nazi occupation.

Kabila, 54, who led Congo from 2001 to 2019, was not in court and had no legal representation during the trial, which opened on 25 July. His whereabouts are unknown, and the judges ordered his immediate arrest.

The High Military Court said Kabila betrayed his duty of loyalty to the Congolese state, calling his actions “an outrage to millions of Congolese whom he led for 18 years”.

The court also ordered him to pay more than 33 billion dollars in damages to the state, to the eastern provinces of North Kivu and South Kivu and to associations representing victims of the conflict.

Rebel links

Judges spent nearly four hours explaining their decision. They said Kabila played a central role in the insurrection alongside Corneille Nangaa, the head of the Congo River Alliance political movement, and Rwanda.

“Joseph Kabila is the chief of the AFC/M23 coalition,” the court said.

Prosecutors presented evidence including the testimony of Eric Nkuba, the former chief of staff to Nangaa who was convicted of rebellion in August 2024.

Supporters of ex-DRC President Kabila denounce proposed death penalty as ‘sham’

Nkuba alleged Kabila had been in regular phone contact with Nangaa about toppling President Félix Tshisekedi’s government.

The verdict makes Kabila the first former Congolese president ever convicted by a military tribunal.

Kabila, who became president in 2001 after the assassination of his father Laurent Kabila, stayed in power for 18 years, extending his rule by delaying elections before stepping aside after his chosen successor lost to Tshisekedi in 2018. 

Sharp political divide

Kabila’s party, the People’s Party for Reconstruction and Democracy, rejected the ruling.

“This is a vast joke. We have always said this is a political trial,” the party’s permanent secretary Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary told RFI after the verdict. “Instead of seeking cohesion and national reconciliation, this trial will further divide Congolese.”

By contrast, victims’ lawyers hailed the outcome.

“Victims finally appear and the suffering they live in anonymity now has an author,” said Kasongo Mayombo, who represented several NGOs in eastern Congo.

International NGOs report mass killings and sexual violence in eastern DRC

“Perhaps we will go even further and find other authors or accomplices of the crimes they endured. This is the beginning of the end of impunity.”

Richard Bondo, a lawyer for the Congolese state, said he was satisfied.

“As professionals, we must therefore bow while saluting the court’s decision,” he said, noting that the civil parties had requested life imprisonment rather than the death penalty, but the sentence “falls under the sovereignty of the judge”.

Ongoing conflict in east

Kabila has lived outside Congo for more than two years, mostly in South Africa. He was last seen publicly in May in the rebel-held city of Goma. It is unclear how the death sentence could be enforced.

Congo’s Senate voted in May to lift Kabila’s immunity from prosecution, a move he called dictatorial.

While denying the charges, he expressed support for the M23 campaign in an opinion piece in the South African newspaper Sunday Times in February. His allies say he still has ambitions to unite the opposition against Tshisekedi.

DR Congo urges world to recognise ‘Genocost’ tied to decades of resource war

Eastern Congo, rich in minerals, has been torn apart by armed conflict for 30 years. The violence surged in early 2025 when M23 rebels, supported by Rwandan forces, seized Goma in January and Bukavu in February.

The fighting has killed about 3,000 people this year and forced around seven million to flee their homes.

Rwanda denies backing M23, saying its forces act in self-defence against Congo’s army and Hutu militias linked to the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Tshisekedi’s government has suspended Kabila’s party and moved to seize its leaders’ assets.

Analysts warn the verdict could deepen Congo’s political divides and complicate efforts to end the conflict in the east.

“The parliamentary elections in Moldova demonstrated a high level of commitment to democracy, amid unprecedented hybrid threats coming from Russia,” according to Paula Cardoso, leader of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s electoral observers team.

“From illicit financing funnelled through shadowy networks to relentless disinformation campaigns eroding public trust, and brazen cybersecurity incidents designed to sow chaos, these tactics sought to manipulate Moldova’s democracy and sovereignty,” she added.

“Yet, the nation’s democratic tenacity prevailed and helped to ensure the integrity of the vote.”

The legal framework governing the elections provided a solid foundation, with recently introduced laws having enhanced the definition of electoral corruption and tightened campaign finance regulations.

However, Cardoso told RFI that last-minute changes to the law and controversial decisions by the Central Election Commission, including the disqualification of some parties close to the election date, “raised questions about impartiality and limited the political landscape somewhat”.

Nevertheless, the election day itself was largely “smooth and orderly,” according to the observers – with high competence among electoral staff, the majority of whom were women, earning praise from international observers.

In pictures: Moldovans vote in decisive parliamentary elections

‘Russia failed’

In total, 1,578,730 people voted at 2,274 polling stations nationwide, with the Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS) winning 50.2 percent of the votes – followed by the pro-Russian Patriotic Bloc with 24.18 percent. 

“We respect the free and unimpeded choice of the Moldovans to determine their future. The Russian Federation does not,” said Michael Gahler, head of the European Parliament Election Observer mission to Moldova.

Had the Moldovans decided otherwise, “we [the EU] are not the ones who then come with tanks,” he told RFI during an interview in Anenii Noi, a small town in the east of Moldova, where he was checking a polling station designated for Moldovans who live in the breakaway Transnistria region. 

“In the run up to this election, Russia interfered at an unprecedented scale with cyber-attacks, disinformation campaigns, intimidation and illicit financing and vote buying schemes. Yet again, they failed,” he added.

How Russian disinformation flooded Moldova’s media landscape ahead of election

Political divisions

The result is being viewed by many as affirmation of the country’s European aspirations, amid ongoing conflict in neighbouring Ukraine and persistent Russian efforts to influence Moldovan politics.

“It’s a big win for the PAS, the main pro-European party in Moldova,” said Natalia Putina, a political scientist at the State University of Moldova.

Nevertheless, political divisions remain deep. The Patriotic Bloc lost ground but retained a base of support, particularly in separatist-leaning regions such as Transnistria. 

“We would have liked to see victory and opposition. We hoped that the opposition would find a solution. We believe that the current government hasn’t shown any results yet,” said Igor, an employee with a bank in Tiraspol, the capital of Transnistria.

He had come to the polling station in Arenii Noi, one of 12 along the border with Transnistria set up to accommodate Moldovans living in the breakaway region.

His trip was not without obstacles: he had first tried to vote at a polling station in Causeni, further south, but it was closed and he didn’t know why.

Obstacles remain

Others from Transnistria expressed impatience with what they see as discrimination from people living in Moldova proper.

“We are the same as our brothers from Moldova,” said Inna Romanyenko. “I am a Moldovan myself. I got married in Transnistria – does it mean that I am a separatist? No, of course not. I am a Moldovan, I love my country, I appreciate it.”

While she voted for the pro-Russian leader Igor Dodon, she acknowledged the difficulties both in Moldova and Europe.

“Maybe it’s better in Europe, I don’t argue,” she told RFI. “But it’s not easy there either. If Moldova joins the EU, what do you think will happen to Transnistria? Nothing good.”

According to the final results published by the Central Election Commission, 12,017 Transnistrian Moldovans voted, and more than 51 percent favoured the pro-Russian bloc, with PAS coming second with close to 30 percent. 

France, EU leaders say Moldova’s election results put it on path to join EU

Looking ahead, political scientist Putina cautioned that Moldova’s path towards EU membership, while endorsed by the electorate, will be fraught with obstacles.

She cited the ongoing military occupation of Transnistria by Russia and the complex effects of regional conflict – further complicated by a persistent struggle against corruption and the influence of oligarchs.

“Moldova’s democratic development is like a dance: two steps forward and one back,” she said.

PSG will play in Spain without Ballon d’Or winner Ousmane Dembélé and fellow forwards Désiré Doué and Khvicha Kvaratskhelia. Skipper Marquinhos will also miss the game at the Olympic Stadium.

“Both teams like to defend high up the pitch,” said Enrique who spent eight years as a player for Barcelona before coaching the side to nine trophies including the 2015 Champions League.

“Both teams take risks in that way,” he added. “There’s one way to look at what we’re going through, either you come looking for excuses or you come looking for results.

“We’re coming for results regardless of who is in our team.”

All eyes on PSG as Marseille and Monaco fight for Champions League limelight

Barcelona under the cosh

Barcelona are also suffering their own pain. Their casualty list includes striker Raphinha, midfielders Gavi and and Fermin Lopez as well as goalkeepers Joan Garcia and Marc-Andre ter Stegen.

“Watching a game between Barcelona and Paris Saint-Germain with five or six important players from both teams not playing … to me it’s a shame, for their manager and for fans of both teams,” said Enrique.

“I am happy to come back, it’s my home,” added the 55-year-old Spaniard. “I spent a large part of my career as a player and a manager here.

“We’re It’s not the Nou Camp but the Olympic Stadium is a beautiful venue. I played here in the Olympic Games in 1992. It’s very special to be here.”

PSG launched the defence of their crown with a 4-0 romp past Atalanta at the Parc des Princes in Paris while Barcelona won 2-1 at Newcastle United.

The Spaniards will be boosted by the return of Lamine Yamal who was runner-up to Dembélé for the Ballon d’Or.

Joao Neves returns to the PSG fold after missing the Ligue 1 games against Marseille and Auxerre.

On Tuesday night in the Champions League, Igor Paixao bagged a brace as Marseille walloped Ajax 4-0.

France skipper Kylian Mbappé hit a hat trick in Real Madrid’s 5-0 win at Kairat Almaty.

“The opportunity to turn my passion into a profession is a privilege I have cherished during every match and moment of my 21-year career,” he wrote.

“Though this game means the world to me, I am tremendously at peace with my decision.”

Born Gael Sebastian Monfils on 1 September to Rufin Monfils and Sylvette Cartesse who had come to France from Guadeloupe and Martinique respectively, he grew up with a brother and two sisters in north-eastern Paris.

His genius with a racquet and ball would take him to all four corners of the planet.

He played his first junior match in January 2002 in Sweden. Two years later, he was the junior world number one clocking up victories at the junior events at the Australian Open in Melbourne, the French Open in his home town and on the lawns of Wimbledon in south-west London. 

He turned professional in 2004 and distinguished himself as the showman incarnate in an era dominated by Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray.

“I’ve had the chance to play during a golden age of tennis alongside some of the greatest names in the history of our sport,” Monfils said.

“Even losing feels epic when you’re facing a legend (though I have to admit the occasional wins were pretty euphoric, too).”

The announcement comes with Monfils at 53 in the world rankings, a far cry from the high of sixth place in July 2016.

A final year on the tour will furnish him with a chance to add to a trophy cabinet boasting the silverware from 13 triumphs from his 35 finals.

“While I came close, I never did win a Grand Slam during my career,” he added. “I won’t pretend that I expect to do so during the next year.

“You could have, you should have …

“As those who know me can attest, I’ve never thought this way, and frankly I’m far too old to start doing so now.

“Believe me when I say I have no regrets.

“What I do have is the feeling that I have been lucky: insanely, stupidly lucky.”

Over the course of a 2026 Gael gala farewell tour, fans across the globe are likely to reciprocate the sentiment.

Ambassador Nkosinathi Emmanuel “Nathi” Mthethwa had been reported missing by his wife on Monday evening after she received a text message from him that worried her, the prosecutor’s office said.

The 58-year-old had booked a room on the 22nd floor, according to the prosecutors, and a secured window had been forced open. The body of Mthethwa, a close associate of former South African president Jacob Zuma, was found “directly by the hotel”, it added.

South Africa to examine past failures to prosecute apartheid crimes

‘Untimely death’

South African President Cyril Ramaphosa called his death “untimely” and “a moment of deep grief in which government and citizens stand beside the Mthethwa family”.

“Ambassador Mthethwa has served our nation in diverse capacities during a lifetime that has ended prematurely and traumatically,” he said.

In a statement released in Pretoria, South African Foreign Minister Ronald Lamola said he had “no doubt that his passing is not only a national loss but is also felt within the international diplomatic community”.

The circumstances of “his untimely death” are under investigation by the French authorities, the statement confirmed.

A source close to the case, who asked not to be named, said the ambassador suffered from depression and his death could have been suicide.

Mthethwa had been ambassador since December 2023. He served as minister of arts and culture of South Africa from 2014 to 2019, and then of sports, arts and culture until 2023, according to his embassy website.

He was also police minister from 2009 to 2014 and security minister from 2008 to 2009.

Mthethwa also served on the board of directors of the 2010 football World Cup local organising committee.

South Africa hits back at US over ‘flawed’ rights report and land grab claims

Between 2007 and 2022, he was a senior official in the African National Congress (ANC), the ruling party since the first post-apartheid democratic elections in 1994.

He worked underground within the ANC’s military wing during apartheid and was notably arrested during the state of emergency in 1989.

(with AFP)

From May 2022 to early 2023, the Mediterranean went through its longest marine heatwave in four decades, with surface temperatures up to 4.3C above normal.

Scientists examined how that extreme heat affected two invasive species – the Atlantic blue crab and the bearded fireworm – which have spread in the Po River delta in northern Italy and along the Sicilian coast.

In the Po delta, the surge in blue crabs, which feed on shellfish, caused mussel production to collapse by 75 to 100 percent in some lagoons in 2023. The fast-breeding predator appears to have been boosted by warmer waters, threatening seafloor habitats and upsetting the balance of the ecosystem.

The bearded fireworm, a native Mediterranean species that can grow up to 70 centimetres long and live for nine years, also multiplied as the sea warmed.

Its venomous bristles have become a serious problem for small-scale fishers in Sicily, consuming bait, breaking secondary lines attached to hooks and damaging fish, which reduces their market value.

Brittany’s mussel farms ravaged by surging spider crab invasion

Local fishers impacted

“This worm constitutes a threat both to marine biodiversity and to the economic stability of local fisheries,” the report’s authors said. They called for management strategies to curb its spread.

Proposed responses include encouraging local consumption of the blue crab, limiting the release of egg-bearing females and using the fireworm to process shellfish waste.

Beyond invasive species, the 2025 Copernicus Marine report warns that oceans face multiple other pressures – including rising acidification, growing plastic pollution and shrinking sea ice.

“Every part of the ocean is affected by the triple planetary crisis: climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution,” said Pierre Bahurel, director-general of Mercator Ocean International, which runs Copernicus Marine, during an online briefing.

The report said the ocean has absorbed about 90 percent of the excess heat from human activity since the 1960s. Sea-surface temperatures have hit record highs in many regions in recent years, fuelling more frequent and intense marine heatwaves.

Indigenous knowledge steers new protections for the high seas

Warming and acidification

Ocean acidification is also worsening as carbon dioxide builds up in the atmosphere. “As long as net carbon dioxide emissions are not brought back to zero, ocean acidity will continue to grow,” said Jean-Pierre Gattuso, research director at France’s National Centre for Scientific Research and a senior scientist at the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations.

Climate-driven shifts are also affecting other species such as micronecton – small fish, crustaceans and squid that rise to the surface at night to feed on plankton.

With the ocean warming, “cold ecosystems are shrinking and the habitats of Arctic and sub-Arctic micronecton species with them”, said Patrick Lehodey, a modelling expert at Mercator.

That shift has knock-on effects for predators from whales and penguins to commercially valuable fish.

Europe’s climate progress overshadowed by worsening loss of nature

The report said these changes show that the effects of warming are reaching deep into food chains and affecting both wildlife and human livelihoods.

More than 70 scientists from nine countries contributed to the report.

“The science is unequivocal: the ocean is changing fast, with extreme records and worsening impacts. We know why. This knowledge is not just a warning signal, it is a roadmap to restore balance between humanity and the ocean,” Mercator resaercher Karina von Schuckmann told the briefing.

The speed of the changes, scientists warn, is unprecedented in human history.

“These changes are happening very rapidly on the scale of two centuries,” Gattuso said. In contrast, the five mass extinctions in Earth’s history unfolded over thousands of years or more.

Dati, is accused of accepting €900,000 in lawyer’s fees between 2010 and 2012 from a Netherlands-based subsidiary of Renault-Nissan, without actually working for them, while she was an MEP from 2009 to 2019.

The judges who investigated the case believe that Dati’s activity in the European Parliament “amounted to lobbying”, which “appears incompatible both with her mandate and with her profession as a lawyer”.

Ghosn, the former chairman and chief executive of the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance, was arrested in Japan in November 2018 on suspicion of financial misconduct, before being sacked by Nissan’s board.

The 71-year-old, who holds Lebanese, French, and Brazilian nationality, has been living in Lebanon since late 2019 after a dramatic escape from Japan.

He is due to be tried for abuse of power by a company director, breach of trust, corruption, and active influence peddling.

Ghosn’s presence at the trial appears highly hypothetical since he has been the subject of an arrest warrant since April 2023.

Both Dati and Ghosn have contested the charges.

Requests for annulment

After the announcement of her referral to the criminal court at the end of July, Dati had insisted on the reality of her work as a lawyer and denied any lobbying in the European Parliament.

“As president of the largest automotive industrial group in the world, president of European manufacturers, do you think Carlos Ghosn needed me?” she asked.

Dati’s three lawyers, Frank Berton, Olivier Bluche and Basile Ader, have warned that they intend to file applications for annulment as soon as the proceedings begin.

Resurgent conservative Rachida Dati unveils ambitions to run for Paris mayor

The criminal trial – from 16 to 28 September – will take place six months after the municipal elections on 15 and 22 March, 2026.

A high-profile political figure and mayor of the French capital’s chic 7th district, Dati holds ambitions to become the mayor of Paris.

She is scheduled to run as a candidate for the right-wing Les Républicains (LR) party.

Dati was a key figure in former president Nicolas Sarkozy‘s conservative government, serving as justice minister from 2007 to 2009.

She has served as Culture Minister under President Emmanuel Macron since January 2024 and is yet to find out if she will be part of Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu’s new government lineup.

Dati is also the subject of a judicial investigation into the possible failure to declare luxury jewellery to the French High Authority for Transparency in Public Life (HATVP). She denies any irregularity.

(with newswires)

The 20-point plan calls for a ceasefire and the release of hostages by Hamas within 72 hours, as well as a gradual Israeli withdrawal from Gaza. Hamas still holds 48 Israeli hostages – 20 of whom are believed by Israel to be alive.

In return, Israel would free 250 Palestinians serving life sentences in its prisons, as well as 1,700 people detained from Gaza since the war began.

Under the proposal, Hamas would have to disarm in return for an end to the fighting, humanitarian aid for Palestinians and the promise of reconstruction in Gaza.

“I support your plan to end the war in Gaza which achieves our war aims,” Netanyahu said in a joint press conference with the US president at the White House.

“If Hamas rejects your plan, Mr President, or if they supposedly accept it and then basically do everything to counter it, then Israel will finish the job by itself.”

Trump said that Israel would have his “full backing” to do so if Hamas did not accept the deal.

Sincere efforts

Trump insisted peace in the Middle East was “beyond very close” and described the announcement of the plan as a “potentially one of the great days ever in civilisation”.

Eight key Arab and Muslim nations – Egypt, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Indonesia and Pakistan – hailed the agreement’s “sincere efforts” in the wake of their own talks with Trump last week.

The Palestinian Authority, which is based in the West Bank but would be set for a role in a post-war Gaza government, also welcomed Trump’s “sincere and determined efforts”.

Washington’s European allies promptly voiced support, with the leaders of France, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy sharing strong expressions of support for the plan.

Macron recognises Palestinian state at UN, defying Israel and United States

French President Emmanuel Macron said in a post on social media platform X (formerly Twitter) that Hamas now had “no choice but to immediately free all the hostages” and called on Israel to “commit resolutely” to it.

British Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s office said the UK “strongly” supported Trump’s “efforts to end the fighting, release the hostages and ensure the provision of urgent humanitarian assistance for the people of Gaza”.

Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez – who has accused Israel of committing genocide in Gaza – said Madrid “welcomes the peace proposal”.

“We have to put an end to so much suffering,” he said, adding that a two-state solution was “the only one possible”.

European Union chief Antonio Costa urged all parties to “seize this moment to give peace a genuine chance”.

Mixed reactions

Trump’s plan sparked mixed reactions in a region scarred by nearly two years of devastating war.

A senior Hamas official told French news agency AFP that the group would “respond once we receive it”. Qatari and Egyptian mediators later shared Trump’s proposal with Hamas, another official briefed on the talks said.

Islamic Jihad, a Palestinian armed group fighting alongside Hamas in Gaza, called the plan “a recipe for continued aggression against the Palestinian people”.

“Through this, Israel is attempting – via the United States – to impose what it could not achieve through war,” it said.

In devastated Gaza, residents expressed scepticism that Trump’s plan could end the war.

“We as a people will not accept this farce,” Abu Mazen Nassar, 52 – one of 1.9 million Gazans displaced by the war – told AFP.

‘Recognition brings obligation’: How declaring genocide could reshape war in Gaza

For Hamas, the deal means being excluded from future roles in government, although those who agree to “peaceful co-existence” would be granted amnesty.

Netanyahu could also face trouble selling the deal to far-right members of his cabinet.

He stressed to reporters that Israeli forces would retain responsibility for Gaza security “for the foreseeable future” and cast doubt on the Palestinian Authority’s role.

Trump’s plan, meanwhile, leaves hope for Palestinian statehood – something he said Netanyahu had strongly objected to during the meeting.

Other key points in Trump’s plan include deployment of a “temporary international stabilisation force” – and the creation of a transitional authority headed by him, and including former British prime minister Tony Blair.

Blair, still a controversial figure in much of the Middle East for his role in the 2003 Iraq war, hailed what he called a “bold and intelligent” plan.

(with AFP)

DZ Fest is the only festival focused on Algerian culture outside the country. It has been run every year since 2022 in the United Kingdom.

This year the festival took place in the latter half of September with events in both London and Nottingham.

Spotlight on Africa travelled to London to talk to the organisers and guests of DZ Fest, and to some Algerians living in the UK

Founder and creative director Rachida Lamri – an artist, musician and member of the London-based Arabo-Andalusian orchestra – curated a programme showcasing Algerian music, traditions, and cuisine.

We also met:

• The Algerian chef Djamel Ait Idir, who runs couscous workshop in his restaurant, Khamsa, in Brixton, South London
• Fayssal Bensalah, an Algerian-born novelist and a lecturer teaching creative writing in Cardiff, Wales
• Comedian Mehdi Walker, also born in Algeria, who lives in France but performs his comedy sketches in English
• Artist and filmmaker Leila Gamaz, who lives between Bristol and Morocco. 

Episode mixed by Melissa Chemam and Nicolas Doreau.

Spotlight on Africa is produced by Radio France Internationale’s English language service.

Oswal described it as “a shock” when, on 14 May 2025, he discovered that Axis Minerals’ mining licence had been revoked. The Guinean subsidiary of the Oswal Global group had been operating the site since 2020, following years of exploration and investment in the project.

“I was asleep at home when, around 2am, I received a message on my phone: ‘Our mine is gone.’ At first I thought it was a joke: ‘What? That’s impossible.’ Then I told my daughter, who is managing director, to pick up the phone immediately and call Conakry to find out what was happening. And, in fact, it was true – 51 mining licences had been withdrawn.”

Axi Minerals was among those targeted in the sweeping licence cancellations ordered by the junta and its government.

The clean-up of the national mining register is justified, according to General Amara Camara, spokesperson for the Guinean presidency, on the grounds that “most of the permits were in breach of the mining code”.

Paris prosecutor dismisses case against Apple over DRC conflict minerals

‘No prior warning’

For Oswal, it was a brutal blow. “From one day to the next, our operations were halted. Our 5,000 employees and subcontractors were left without work. We received no prior warning, no letter, no discussion asking us to correct anything.” 

“The government claimed that companies had failed to meet certain obligations, particularly in local processing. But never, at any point before, were we asked to build an alumina refinery or downstream plant,” added the businessman, who now lives in Switzerland.

He wrote to the authorities several times, but received no reply.

In early July, Axis Minerals launched ad hoc arbitration proceedings in New York. “Our claim for damages amounts to more than $1 billion. And that is what will hurt Guinea,” Oswal warned.

“I do not want this, but if they push us that far, I have no choice but to continue on my path. And my path, as a businessman, is legal because I believe in contracts. We do not have weapons. The only power we have is the power of the pen.”

However, Oswal insists he is still open to dialogue and would be ready to invest in Guinea again once the dispute is resolved. Guinea has not yet agreed to arbitration, but has nonetheless been formally served with Axis Minerals’ request to compel it to do so.

The government received the notice on 1 September. Contacted by RFI, the Guinean Ministry of Mines declined to comment.

Guinean workers fearful of mass job losses after mining permits cancelled

Guinea sending ‘wrong message’

Axis Minerals has been in Guinea since 2013. After many years of collaboration, it’s the silence that Oswal finds most troubling. At a time when the Simandou 2040 programme [a $20 billion investment aimed at establishing Guinea as a leading iron ore producer] is meant to accelerate the country’s development, he questions Conakry’s approach to foreign investors.

“Guinea goes to Washington, to Australia, saying ‘come to our country’, but it doesn’t send the right signal to people who are already here. You throw out those who have invested and then tell newcomers to come. Why would they come if you expel those who have already put their money in? Frankly, it makes no sense,” he said.

“First, you must protect those who have invested in your country – not lure in fresh blood only to strip them of their assets five years later,” he added.

French mining group digs in as Gabon tightens grip on manganese exports

Bauxite rock is the principal ore of aluminum. Just before losing its licence, Axis Minerals reported average production of 169,000 tonnes of bauxite per day, most of it exported to China.

Its mines between Fria and Boffa enabled the export of nearly 40 million tonnes of bauxite between 2023 and 2025.

This article was translated from the original in French

French national 73-year-old Lim Kimya, a former opposition lawmaker in Cambodia, was shot dead on 7 January 2025 by a motorcyclist as the ex-MP arrived in the Thai capital.

A Thai citizen, Ekkalak Paenoi, was arrested in neighbouring Cambodia a day later and handed over to Thai authorities. He now faces a premeditated murder charge.

Ekkalak confessed to the killing in a livestream video, but Lim Kimya’s widow, Anne-Marie Lim, said Tuesday she wanted to know why her husband was murdered.

“I want to know the reason for this crime and who ordered it. That’s what I want to know most of all,” she told French news agency AFP outside the court in Bangkok, carrying a portrait of her slain husband.

“His death has turned everything upside down in my daily life,” Lim said, weeping.

A ‘hero’

Cambodian opposition figures have accused the country’s powerful former leader Hun Sen of ordering the shooting.

Cambodia’s leader Hun Manet, has denied his government or his father Hun Sen’s involvement.

Hun Sen led Cambodia for nearly four decades until 2023, and Western nations and rights groups have long accused his government of using the legal system to crush the opposition.

Flanked by her legal team on Tuesday, Anne-Marie Lim said she wanted justice for her husband, who she called a “hero”.

“He defended the Cambodian people, and he only thought about doing good and improving life in Cambodia,” she said. “That’s why he was in opposition to the government.”

Also on trial is Thai national Chakrit Buakhil, who is believed to be the man who drove Ekkalak to the Cambodian border after the shooting, Lim’s lawyer told AFP.

Some Thai media reports said the accused shooter was paid 60,000 baht (€1,500) for the killing but police say he has claimed he did not receive payment and took the job “to pay a debt of gratitude”.

Lim Kimya was an MP in Cambodia from 2013 to 2017, when his party, the main opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP), was dissolved by the country’s Supreme Court.

Its leader, Kem Sokha, was arrested, and its co-founder, Sam Rainsy, was exiled and found refuge in France.

Hun Sen’s Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) won all 125 seats in the National Assembly in 2018, in an election that was boycotted by the opposition.

After that, Kimya withdrew from politics and returned to France, according to a statement from his wife’s lawyers.

Thai police said in January that they were seeking to arrest a Cambodian national believed to be the mastermind behind Kimya’s killing.

They identified two Cambodian suspects: Ly Ratanakrasksmey, accused of having recruited the gunman, and Pich Kimsrin, the alleged lookout who local media has reported was on the bus alongside the victim and his wife.

Search for answers

Days after the killing, following media reports that Ratanakrasksmey was a former adviser to Hun Sen, Cambodia’s ruling party released a statement saying he was dismissed from the role in March 2024.

“We have learned that there are two (Cambodians), one of whom organised this crime,” Anne-Marie Lim said before entering the court on Tuesday.

She added that she feared the alleged mastermind may never be held accountable – even though his name is known and he is believed to be in Cambodia.

Nadthasiri Bergman, one of her lawyers in Thailand, told AFP that since the gunman had confessed, she believed he would be convicted.

“But our concern is that we might not get to the bottom of why the assassination happened, and we hope to find that answer today during the witness examination,” Bergman said.

The trial is expected to conclude in March.

(with AFP)

Police have responded with a heavy hand, firing teargas and rubber bullets to disperse the crowds, called to action on social media through a movement called Gen Z.

The days-long protest, led mostly by young demonstrators, has left at least 22 people dead and more than 100 injured, according to a United Nations tally rejected by the government as unverified and “based on rumours”.

“I have decided to terminate the functions of the Prime Minister and the government. Pending the formation of the new government, those in office will act as interim ministers,” Rajoelina said in a televised national address late Monday.

New premier?

Applications for a new premier will be received over the next three days before a new government is formed, he said.

The president on Friday sacked his energy minister “for not doing his job”.

Deadly protests erupt in Madagascar over chronic blackouts and water cuts

Madagascar, among the world’s poorest countries despite vast natural resources, has experienced frequent popular uprisings since gaining independence in 1960, including mass protests in 2009 that forced former president Marc Ravalomanana from power.

The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Turk condemned Madagascar’s “violent response” to the protests.

On Monday, crowds marched through the capital Antananarivo, many dressed in black and chanting calls for Rajoelina to resign.

He first came to power following a coup sparked by the 2009 uprising.

Some demonstrators held signs reading “We want to live, not survive” – a central slogan of the movement.

Energy crisis looms large as Macron makes rare visit to Madagascar

Police detained an opposition lawmaker during the march in Antananarivo, footage shared on social media showed, prompting calls from his colleagues for his release.

At least one other protester was also arrested, prompting the UN’s Turk to urge the authorities to “ensure respect for freedom of expression and peaceful assembly”.

Widespread looting

A statement released by the protest movement late Sunday called for the government and Antananarivo’s prefect to resign. They have also targeted figures close to the president including Prime Minister Christian Ntsay and businessman Mamy Ravatomanga.

The movement has adopted as its rallying symbol a pirate flag from the Japanese anime series “One Piece”, a logo also used recently by youth-led, anti-regime protests in Indonesia and Nepal.

Thursday’s protests in the capital were followed by widespread looting throughout the night, which encountered no police response.

The Gen Z movement said in its Sunday statement that “groups of anonymous individuals were paid to loot numerous establishments in order to tarnish the movement and the ongoing struggle”.

The movement was named after Generation Z, a nickname attributed to people born between the late 1990s and early 2010s.

Protests were also widespread in Antsiranana at the northern tip of Madagascar.

The demonstrations were the largest since 2023 when protests erupted ahead of the presidential elections, which were boycotted by opposition parties.

Poverty and corruption

Rajoelina, a former mayor of Antananarivo, stepped down after 2013 general elections but triumphed in the 2018 presidential election, winning re-election in contested polls in 2023 in which less than half of registered voters cast their ballots.

The 51-year-old leader on Monday vowed to find a solution to the country’s problems, saying he had heard the grievances.

“When the Malagasy people suffer, I want you to know that I feel that pain too, and I have not slept, day or night, in my efforts to find solutions and improve the situation,” he said.

Southern African leaders meet in Madagascar to chart path for self-reliance

Despite its natural resources, Madagascar remains one of the poorest countries in the world and is among the most corrupt, ranked 140 out of 180 countries in Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index.

Nearly 75 percent of the population lived below the poverty line in 2022, according to the World Bank.

The unrest is the latest to hit Madagascar since the end of French rule. Philibert Tsiranana, who led the country through the post-independence era, was forced to hand over power to the army in 1972, after a popular uprising was bloodily suppressed.

(with AFP)

The warning comes in the European Environment Agency’s Europe’s Environment 2025 report, a flagship assessment published only once every five years.

Drawing on data from 38 countries, it offers the clearest picture yet of how climate change and damage to nature are threatening Europe’s future well-being and prosperity.

“Significant progress has been made in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, but the overall state of Europe’s environment is not good,” the report said.

Nature under strain

The EEA says Europe has cut greenhouse gas emissions by 37 percent since 1990 and more than doubled the share of renewable energy since 2005. Cleaner air has saved lives – deaths linked to fine pollution particles have fallen by nearly half since 2005.

But nature is still being degraded. More than four out of five protected habitats are in poor condition. Much of the soil is exhausted, and only about a third of rivers and lakes are healthy.

One in three Europeans lives in areas where water is under serious stress.

Europe is also warming faster than any other continent, making heatwaves, droughts, wildfires and floods more frequent and more destructive.

In 2022 extreme heat was linked to more than 70,000 deaths. Floods in Slovenia in 2023 caused damage equal to 16 percent of that country’s economy.

Air pollution continues to cause about 239,000 premature deaths a year across the EU, and traffic noise contributes to another 66,000 deaths.

“This report is a stark reminder that Europe must stay the course and even accelerate our climate and environmental ambitions,” said Teresa Ribera, the EU executive vice-president for clean transition.

Indigenous knowledge steers new protections for the high seas

She warned that recent extreme weather had shown how fragile Europe’s prosperity and security become when nature is damaged and the climate crisis intensifies.

“Protecting nature is not a cost. It is an investment in competitiveness, resilience and the well-being of our citizens.”

Others in Brussels echoed similar concerns.

EU climate commissioner Wopke Hoekstra said the wildfires and floods of recent years showed that “the costs of inaction are enormous, and climate change poses a direct threat to our competitiveness”.

Meanwhile environment commissioner Jessika Roswall said Europe’s economy ultimately depends on healthy ecosystems.

“Healthy nature is the basis for a healthy society, a competitive economy and a resilient world, which is why the EU is committed to stay the course on our environmental commitments,” she said.

France’s green challenge

The country profiles underscores the mixed picture in individual member states.

France has cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 35 percent since 1990, including an 8 percent drop between 2022 and 2023. It now protects nearly a third of its land, and water quality has improved.

But France still relies heavily on fossil fuels. Renewables supplied just 22 percent of its energy use in 2023 – well short of the 33 percent target for 2030. Only about one in 10 French farms is organic, far below the goal of nearly one in five by 2027.

Recycling and reuse of materials also lag behind.

A national water plan launched in 2023 set 53 steps to safeguard supplies as droughts become more common. The EEA says Europe as a whole could save up to 40 percent of its water in farming, energy and daily use with better management and modern technology.

Economy at risk

The report warns that the loss of healthy ecosystems threatens Europe’s economy.

Nearly three-quarters of businesses in the eurozone depend on natural systems such as pollination and clean water. Most bank loans go to companies that rely on these resources.

“Human survival depends on high-quality nature, particularly when it comes to adaptation to climate change,” said Catherine Ganzleben, head of the EEA’s Sustainable and Fair Transitions unit.

“Sustainability is not a choice, it is a question of when we do it. Do we do it in the short term and start now, or do we park it, in which case it is going to be harder and the costs of inaction will be higher?”

Could peatlands protect Europe’s eastern borders from a Russian invasion?

Environmental groups have urged the EU not to weaken its laws.

“Delaying the EU Deforestation Regulation or weakening our nature and water laws would be historic and irreversible mistakes,” said Ester Asin, head of WWF’s European policy office.

Her call for strong rules was echoed by the European Environment Agency itself.

“We cannot afford to lower our climate, environment and sustainability ambitions. What we do today will shape our future,” said EEA director Leena Ylä-Mononen.

The agency says reaching climate-neutrality by 2050 will require faster cuts in emissions from transport and farming, much greater recycling and the large-scale repair of damaged natural areas.

Sunday’s parliamentary elections – won by the ruling Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS) – were seen as crucial for the ex-Soviet republic to maintain its push towards European Union membership, launched after Moscow’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine.

“Yesterday’s vote is a strong mandate for the process of Moldova’s accession to the EU,” President Maia Sandu of the PAS told reporters on Monday.

“We have shown the world that we are brave and worthy, that we did not allow ourselves to be intimidated,” she said at a press conference.

The win is seen as a relief for both the current government and the EU, both of which are keen to keep Moldova out of Russia’s sphere of influence.

Loud and clear

“The people of Moldova have spoken and their message is loud and clear,” European Council President Antonio Costa said on Monday.

“They chose democracy, reform and a European future, in the face of pressure and interference from Russia,” he added, referring to concerns about vote buying and unrest and what the EU claimed was a disinformation campaign from Russia.

Moldova’s pro-EU ruling party wins majority in parliamentary elections

“No attempt to sow fear or division could break your resolve,” European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen wrote on X.

“Our door is open. And we will stand with you every step of the way,” she said, referring to Moldova’s potential accession to the EU.

A common future

Other European leaders including France’s Emmanuel Macron also welcomed what he said was a pro-European victory.

“France stands with Moldova in its European project and its drive for freedom and sovereignty,” he said.

Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot said France “warmly welcomes the sovereign choice of the Moldovan people to confirm their desire to turn towards Europe”, adding that “nothing can stop a people who choose democracy and freedom – not even desperate attempts at foreign interference”.

How Russian disinformation flooded Moldova’s media landscape ahead of election

In a joint statement, Macron, Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk, and German Chancellor Friedrich Merz said that “the EU and Moldova share a common future”.

Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelensky called it “a victory” for the continent. “Russia failed to destabilise Moldova even after spending huge, huge resources to undermine it and to corrupt whoever they could,” he said.

Moscow has denied allegations of meddling and has called the victory a result of fraud and manipulation.

Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov claimed that “hundreds of thousands of Moldovans” were prevented from voting in Russia due to an insufficient number of polling stations.

“Evaluations will have to be made later when we understand how the Moldovan political forces themselves intend to position themselves regarding these elections,” he said.

EU integration versus Russian influence: Moldova’s future on the line

Moldovans were divided on the results, with some hailing another step towards the EU while others were sceptical of the allegations against Russia.

About 200 people gathered briefly outside parliament on Monday, chanting “freedom” and “Moldova”, following a call to protest by one of the leaders of the pro-Russian opposition Patriotic Bloc, Igor Dodon.

Dodon, a former president, has accused PAS of stealing the vote and said complaints have been filed to the election commission.

(with newswires)

DZ Fest is the only festival focused on Algerian culture outside the country. It has been run every year since 2022 in the United Kingdom.

This year the festival took place in the latter half of September with events in both London and Nottingham.

Spotlight on Africa travelled to London to talk to the organisers and guests of DZ Fest, and to some Algerians living in the UK

Founder and creative director Rachida Lamri – an artist, musician and member of the London-based Arabo-Andalusian orchestra – curated a programme showcasing Algerian music, traditions, and cuisine.

We also met:

• The Algerian chef Djamel Ait Idir, who runs couscous workshop in his restaurant, Khamsa, in Brixton, South London
• Fayssal Bensalah, an Algerian-born novelist and a lecturer teaching creative writing in Cardiff, Wales
• Comedian Mehdi Walker, also born in Algeria, who lives in France but performs his comedy sketches in English
• Artist and filmmaker Leila Gamaz, who lives between Bristol and Morocco. 

Episode mixed by Melissa Chemam and Nicolas Doreau.

Spotlight on Africa is produced by Radio France Internationale’s English language service.

Ankara is celebrating a diplomatic win after Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan was hosted by US President Donald Trump in Washington on Thursday.

In the Oval Office, Trump praised his guest in front of the world’s media.

“He’s a highly respected man,” Trump said. “He’s respected very much in his country and throughout Europe and throughout the world, where they know him.”

Erdogan smiled as he listened. The Turkish leader had been frozen out by President Joe Biden, who made clear his dislike for the Turkish leader.

Trump, by contrast, has long cultivated a friendship with him. But even that relationship has limits, with Israel’s war on Gaza still a source of strain.

Turkey walks a tightrope as Trump threatens sanctions over Russian trade

Restraint over Gaza

Erdogan is a strong supporter of Hamas, which he refuses to label a terrorist group, calling it instead a resistance movement. Yet he chose not to let the issue overshadow his visit.

Analysts say this restraint was deliberate.

“There’s been a concerted effort not to get into a spat about Gaza,” Asli Aydintasbas, of the Washington-based Brookings Institution, told RFI. “Uncharacteristically, he remains silent on the Gaza issue and that is by design.”

During his trip, Erdogan kept his criticism of Israel’s offensive in Gaza to remarks at the UN General Assembly, echoing broader international condemnation.

He also met French President Emmanuel Macron in New York and welcomed France’s recognition of a Palestinian state.

Erdogan is also seeking wider backing as concerns over Israel’s actions grow, an issue that also came up in his talks with Trump.

“Turkey’s concerns with Israel are not actually limited to Gaza,” said Ozgur Unluhisarcikli, of the German Marshall Fund in Ankara.

He said Ankara is also uneasy about Israel’s actions in neighbouring states, adding that the two countries’ policies towards Syria clash sharply.

“Turkey wants a stable Syria and one that’s centralised,” he said. “Whereas Israel wants a decentralised and less stable Syria.”

Turkey warns Kurdish-led fighters in Syria to join new regime or face attack

Energy and Russia

Turkey’s close ties with Russia risk becoming another flashpoint.

Sitting beside Erdogan at the Oval Office, Trump called for an end to Turkish purchases of Russian energy. He also criticised Erdogan’s long-standing policy of balancing relations between Washington and Moscow.

“Trump does not want a balancing Turkey, at least today,” said Aydintasbas. “That was more obvious than ever in his rhetoric and his dealings with Erdogan.”

She said Erdogan had assumed for the past decade that his balancing act between the West and Russia was acceptable. “It must come as a surprise,” she added.

Turkey is the third-largest importer of Russian oil and gas. But in a move seen as an attempt to placate Trump, Ankara this week signed a multibillion-dollar deal to buy US liquefied natural gas over 20 years.

The two leaders also signed a strategic agreement on civil nuclear cooperation, which could pave the way for Turkey to buy US-made nuclear reactors.

As Trump rails at UN and shifts Ukraine stance, Macron urges US to end Gaza war

Limited gains

Despite these gestures, analysts said Erdogan achieved little in return. He had hoped Trump would lift a US embargo on the sale of F-35 stealth fighter jets. Instead, Trump only gave a vague promise to address the issue.

For Erdogan, however, the White House meeting itself may have been the main prize.

US Ambassador to Turkey Tom Barrack said before the meeting that Trump wanted to give Erdogan “legitimacy”.

“For Erdogan, this is a big win,” said Sinan Ciddi, of the Foundation for Defence of Democracies. The Turkish leader, he said, has long sought a White House photo-op to showcase at home.

“He gets to show that he has met the US president, has gravitas on the world stage and is signing deals with Washington,” Ciddi added.

“At a time when he is jailing leaders and dismantling democratic governance inside Turkey, he is being legitimised by the leader of the so-called free world.”

Hello everyone! Welcome to The Sound Kitchen weekly podcast, published every Saturday here on our website, or wherever you get your podcasts. You’ll hear the winner’s names announced and the week’s quiz question, along with all the other ingredients you’ve grown accustomed to: your letters and essays, “On This Day”, quirky facts and news, interviews, and great music … so be sure and listen every week.

Erwan and I are busy cooking up special shows with your music requests, so get them in! Send your music requests to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr  Tell us why you like the piece of music, too – it makes it more interesting for us all!

Facebook: Be sure to send your photos for the RFI English Listeners Forum banner to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr

More tech news: Did you know we have a YouTube channel? Just go to YouTube and write RFI English in the search bar, and there we are! Be sure to subscribe to see all our videos.

Would you like to learn French? RFI is here to help you!

Our website “Le Français facile avec rfi” has news broadcasts in slow, simple French, as well as bilingual radio dramas (with real actors!) and exercises to practice what you have heard.

Go to our website and get started! At the top of the page, click on “Test level”, and you’ll be counseled on the best-suited activities for your level according to your score.

Do not give up! As Lidwien van Dixhoorn, the head of “Le Français facile” service, told me: “Bathe your ears in the sound of the language, and eventually, you’ll get it”. She should know – Lidwien is Dutch and came to France hardly able to say “bonjour” and now she heads this key RFI department – so stick with it!

Be sure you check out our wonderful podcasts!

In addition to the breaking news articles on our site, with in-depth analysis of current affairs in France and across the globe, we have several podcasts that will leave you hungry for more.

There’s Spotlight on France, Spotlight on Africa, the International Report, and of course, The Sound Kitchen. We also have an award-winning bilingual series – an old-time radio show, with actors (!) to help you learn French, called Les voisins du 12 bis.

Remember, podcasts are radio, too! As you see, sound is still quite present in the RFI English service.  Please keep checking our website for updates on the latest from our excellent staff of journalists. You never know what we’ll surprise you with!

To listen to our podcasts from your PC, go to our website; you’ll see “Podcasts” at the top of the page. You can either listen directly or subscribe and receive them directly on your mobile phone.

To listen to our podcasts from your mobile phone, slide through the tabs just under the lead article (the first tab is “Headline News”) until you see “Podcasts”, and choose your show.  

Teachers take note!  I save postcards and stamps from all over the world to send to you for your students. If you would like stamps and postcards for your students, just write and let me know. The address is english.service@rfi.fr  If you would like to donate stamps and postcards, feel free! Our address is listed below. 

Independent RFI English Clubs: Be sure to always include Audrey Iattoni (audrey.iattoni@rfi.fr) from our Listener Relations department in all your RFI Club correspondence. Remember to copy me (thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr) when you write to her so that I know what is going on, too. N.B.: You do not need to send her your quiz answers! Email overload!

This week’s quiz: On 19 July, I asked you a question about RFI English journalist Dhananjay Khadilkar’s video and article about the study of exoplanets, or extrasolar planets, which are planets outside of our solar system.

As you read in Dhananjay’s article “Swiss exoplanet pioneer reflects on Earth’s place in the cosmos”, Didier Queloz, along with Michel Mayor, discovered the first exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star in 1995, which ushered in, as Dhananjay wrote, a new era in astronomy and planetary science. The two scientists won the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.

Dhananjay met with Didier Queloz, who told him, and I quote: “Looking for exoplanets is essentially looking for us.”

What did Professor Queloz mean by that? You were to send in the answer to this question: According to Queloz, what is the essential reason for studying other planets?

The answer is, to quote Dhananjay Khadilkar’s article: “In essence, by studying other planetary systems, scientists are holding up a mirror to our own. Are the conditions that led to Earth’s habitability common or exceedingly rare? Is our solar system an outlier, or just one example among countless others?”

In addition to the quiz question, there was the bonus question: “Is it up to the State, the government, to decide what is fair, or what is just?”

Do you have a bonus question idea? Send it to us!

The winners are: RFI Listeners Club member Dipita Chakrabarty from New Delhi, India. Dipita is also the winner of this week’s bonus quiz. Congratulations, Dipita, on your double win.

Also on the list of lucky winners is RFI Listeners Club member Pradip Basak from Kerala, India, and RFI English listeners Debashis Gope from West Bengal, India; Liton Rahaman Khan from Naogaon, Bangladesh, and Rashidul Bin Somor, the General Secretary of the Source of Knowledge Club, also in Naogaon.

Congratulations winners!

Here’s the music you heard on this week’s program: The allegro di molto from the Symphony No 38 in C Major (the “Echo” symphony) by Franz Joseph Haydn, performed by the Austro-Hungarian Haydn Orchestra conducted by Adam Fischer; “Space Ambient” produced by Space Relax; “The Flight of the Bumblebee” by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov; “The Cakewalk” from Children’s Corner by Claude Debussy, performed by the composer, and “Young at Heart” by Johnny Richards and Carolyn Leigh, sung by Connie Francis.

Do you have a music request? Send it to thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr

This week’s question … you must listen to the show to participate. After you’ve listened to the show, re-read Paul Myers’ article “Dembélé and Bonmati win Ballon d’Or as PSG take team and coach prizes”, which will help you with the answer.

You have until 20 October to enter this week’s quiz; the winners will be announced on the 25 October podcast. When you enter, be sure to send your postal address with your answer, and if you have one, your RFI Listeners Club membership number.

Send your answers to:

english.service@rfi.fr

or

Susan Owensby

RFI – The Sound Kitchen

80, rue Camille Desmoulins

92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux

France

Click here to find out how you can win a special Sound Kitchen prize.

Click here to find out how you can become a member of the RFI Listeners Club, or form your own official RFI Club. 

Evacuations from Gaza to France were suspended on 1 August after a Gazan student in Paris was found to have published antisemitic social media posts before her arrival. The suspension has left applicants for the largely state-funded Pause programme, which welcomes scientists and artists facing persecution, in limbo. French and international writers and Palestine solidarity groups have denounced it as “collective punishment”. Gazan rap musician Abou Joury, who arrived in France in January, talks about finding safety and financial stability. Meanwhile French fruit farmer Mathieu Yon – whose friend and “sister”, the poet Alaa al-Qatrawi, is currently stuck in Gaza – has taken up position in front of the Foreign Ministry, pushing for evacuations to resume. (Listen @3’50”)

A record 19 percent of France’s GDP is now in savings accounts – the highest level outside of the exceptionally high rate recorded during the Covid pandemic. While the French have always had a tendency to squirrel money away, sociologist Jeanne Lazarus says the current increase is a sign people are feeling anxious about the economy and the long-term viability of France’s famously supportive social welfare system. (Listen @22’20”)

The story of how French revolutionairies overturned not only the monarchy but time itself, by instituting the Republican calendar from 22 September 1792. (Listen @16’25”)

Episode mixed by Cécile Pompeani

Spotlight on France is a podcast from Radio France International. Find us on rfienglish.com, Apple podcasts (link here), Spotify (link here) or your favourite podcast app (pod.link/1573769878).

“We are fighting for the future of Turkey‘s democracy,” said party leader Ozgur Ozel to tens of thousands of supporters at a rally in Ankara on Saturday.

Ozel has been travelling the country since March, when Istanbul mayor Ekrem Imamoglu was arrested on graft charges. The case marked the start of a legal assault on the CHP. Ozel now speaks at rallies twice a week, despite his often hoarse voice.

The party is also defending itself in court over alleged voting irregularities at a congress two years ago that elected Ozel as leader. If the court rules against them, Ozel and the rest of the party leadership could be removed and replaced by state-appointed trustees.

“It’s unprecedented,” said political analyst Sezin Oney of the Politics news portal. “There has not been such a purge, such a massive crackdown on the opposition, and there is no end in sight, that’s the issue.”

Macron and Erdogan find fragile common ground amid battle for influence

Arrests and polls

On Wednesday, another CHP mayor in Istanbul was jailed, bringing the total to 16 detained mayors and more than 300 other officials. Most face corruption charges.

The arrests come as the CHP’s new leadership is stepping up its challenge to President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Recent opinion polls give Imamoglu and other CHP figures double-digit leads over the president.

Oney said the prosecutions are part of Erdogan’s wider strategy.

“He’s trying to complete the transformation, the metamorphosis as I call it, of Turkey to become a full authoritarian country,” she said.

“There is an opposition but the opposition is a grotesque opposition, that can never have the power actually to be in government. But they give the perception as if the country is democratic because there are elections.”

Armenia and Azerbaijan peace deal raises hopes of Turkish border reopening

‘Multi-front attack’

Ilhan Uzgel, the CHP’s foreign affairs coordinator, said the party is under siege.

“We are under a multi-front attack from all directions at almost every level, running from one court case to another,” he said.

He argued that Erdogan’s ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) is using fear to force defections. “Sixteen of our mayors are in jail right now, and they threaten our mayors. You either join our party or you face a jail term,” Uzgel said.

Erdogan rejects any suggestion of coercion and insists the judiciary is independent. Since he came to power more than 20 years ago, however, not a single AKP mayor has been convicted on graft charges – though on Friday at least two local mayors from the ruling party were detained as part of a corruption investigation.

Turkey warns Kurdish-led fighters in Syria to join new regime or face attack

Political risks

Despite appearing dominant, Erdogan may face a backlash. Atilla Yesilada, a political analyst with Global Source Partners, said the crackdown is fuelling public anger.

“You look at recent polls, the first complaint remains economic conditions, but justice rose to number two. These things don’t escape people’s notice; that’s what I mean when I say Erdogan took a huge political risk with his career,” he said.

Erdogan currently trails behind several potential challengers, but elections are still more than two years away.

Yesilada said much depends on the stance of Erdogan’s ally Devlet Bahceli, leader of the Nationalist Movement Party.

“It’s quite possible at some point, Bahceli will say enough is enough, you are destroying the country, and may also end the coalition,” he said.

Bahceli formed an informal alliance with Erdogan in 2018, when Turkey switched to a presidential system. Erdogan relies on Bahceli’s parliamentary deputies to pass constitutional reforms needed to secure another term.

Bahceli has voiced concern about the pressure on the CHP, which has been trying to win his support. But with the court expected to rule next month on the party’s leadership, the CHP says it will keep fighting.

“The only thing that we can do is rely on our people, our electorate, and the democratic forces in the country. We are not going to give up,” said Uzgel.

Hello everyone! Welcome to The Sound Kitchen weekly podcast, published every Saturday. This week, you’ll hear musical requests from Erwan, Paul, and me.

Be sure you send in your music requests. Write to me at thesoundkitchen@rfi.fr

Here’s the music you heard on this week’s program: “Picadillo de Soya” by José Luis Cortés, performed by José Luis Cortés and NG La Banda; “Electricity” by Paul Humphreys and Andrew McCluskey, performed by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, and “One Life to Live” from Lady in the Dark by Kurt Weill and Ira Gershwin, performed by Teresa Stratas with the Y Chamber Symphony conducted by Gerard Schwarz.

The quiz will be back next Saturday, the 27th of September. Be sure and tune in! 

Madhya Pradesh is often referred to as the Heart of India. Located right in the middle of the country, the Indian region shows everything India has to offer through its abundant diversity. The IFTM trade show, which took place in Paris at the end of September, presented the perfect opportunity for travel enthusiasts to discover the region.

Sheo Shekhar Shukla, Managing Director of Madhya Pradesh’s tourism board, sat down to explain his approach to sustainable tourism.

“Post-covid the whole world has known a shift in their approach when it comes to tourism. And all those discerning travelers want to have different kinds of experiences: something offbeat, something new, something which has not been explored before.”

Through its UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Shukla wants to showcase the deep history Madhya Pradesh has to offer.

“UNESCO is very actively supporting us and three of our sites are already World Heritage Sites. Sanchi is a very famous buddhist spiritual destination, Bhimbetka is a place where prehistoric rock shelters are still preserved, and Khajuraho is home to thousand year old temples with magnificent architecture.”

All in all, Shukla believes that there’s only one way forward for the industry: “Travelers must take sustainable tourism as a paradigm in order to take tourism to the next level.”

In partnership with Madhya Pradesh’s tourism board.

Also known as the Land of the Beautiful Islands, Malaysia’s landscape and cultural diversity is almost unmatched on the planet. Those qualities were all put on display at the Malaysian stand during the IFTM trade show.

Libra Hanif, director of Tourism Malaysia, explained the appeal of the country as well as the importance of promoting sustainable tourism today: “Sustainable travel is a major trend now, with the changes that are happening post-covid. People want to get close to nature, to get close to people. So Malaysia being a multicultural and diverse [country] with a lot of natural environments, we felt that it’s a good thing for us to promote Malaysia.”

Malaysia has also gained fame in recent years, through its numerous UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which include Kinabalu Park and the Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley.

Green mobility has also become an integral part of tourism in Malaysia, with an increasing number of people using bikes to discover the country: “If you are a little more adventurous, we have the mountain back trails where you can cut across gazetted trails to see the natural attractions and the wildlife that we have in Malaysia,” says Hanif. “If you are not that adventurous, you’ll be looking for relaxing cycling. We also have countryside spots, where you can see all the scenery in a relaxing session.”

With more than 25,000 visitors at this IFTM trade show this year, Malaysia’s tourism board got to showcase the best the country and its people have to offer.

In partnership with Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board. For more information about Malaysia, click here.